Sociodemographic standing
The complete variety of members was 27,874, of which 15,395 have been ladies (55.23%) and 12,479 have been males (44.77%). The sociodemographic standing of the members is proven in Table 1.
Table 1 Sociodemographic standing of members.
prevalence of tobacco use
Prevalence of smoking amongst men and women of all ages
The all-age prevalence (95% CI) of present smoking was 4.44% (4.09-4.82) for girls, 25.88% (25.03-26.75) for males, and 14.01% (13.56-14.48) general. Current smoking prevalence was 0.77% (0.62-0.95) for girls and 19.95% (19.17-20.75) for males of all ages, and 9.33% (8.95-9.72) general. The prevalence of present hookah smoking was 3.64% (3.33, 3.98) for girls and 5.56% (5.12-6.03) for males of all ages, and 4.5% (4.23-4.78) general. The prevalence of all forms of smoking in any respect ages amongst women and men is proven in Table 2 .
Table 2 Prevalence of all forms of smoking in any respect ages amongst women and men.Age sample of smoking prevalence
Current smoking prevalence (95% CI) amongst males elevated with age, from 8.01% (6.45 to 9.91) for males aged 18–24 years to a peak of 26.43% (26.43%) noticed within the age group 45–54 years. 24.47 to twenty-eight.48). Year. However, after that, he decreased to 10.49% (8.08-13.51) for these aged 75 and over. The prevalence of present hookah use reached an noticed peak of 11.03% (9.66, 12.56) amongst males and 5.87% (4.98, 6.9) amongst ladies. After that, it decreased to 2.03% (1.1-3.72) for males aged 25-34 and a pair of.53% (1.66-3.85) for girls aged 65-69. Approximately 19.19% (16.83-21.78) and 6.97% (5.63-8.62) of women and men aged 18-24 had used hookah at the very least as soon as. The corresponding proportions have been 20.7% (18.91–22.61) and eight.88% (7.77–10.13) for women and men aged 25–34 years, respectively (Fig. 1, Supplementary Table 1).
Figure 1
Prevalence of smoking in numerous age teams: ever smoked (a); by no means used a hookah (b). Current smoking (c); Current smoking (d); Current use of hookah (e); Former smoker (f); Examples of hookah use (g).
Geographical patterns of tobacco prevalence
The age-standardized (95% CI) prevalence of all forms of smoking diverse considerably among the many 31 provinces of Iran (Fig. 2a–c, Supplementary Table 2).
Figure 2
Geographic sample of prevalence of tobacco use in Iran: complete (a); ladies (b); males (c).
Geographic patterns of smoking prevalence amongst ladies
The age-standardized prevalence (95% CI) of ever smoking amongst ladies ranged from 0.81% (0.19 to three.35) in Ilam province to twenty.87% (17.62 to 24.54) in Sistan and Baluchistan provinces. The prevalence of ever smoking amongst ladies ranged from zero p.c in Iram, Hormozgan, Sistan, Baluchistan, and South Khorasan provinces to 2.19% (1.19-4) in West Azerbaijan. The prevalence of ever utilizing hookah amongst ladies ranged from 0.23% (0.03–1.59) of her in Ardabil to 19.5% (16.38–23.06) of her in Sistan and Baluchistan. Current smoking prevalence amongst ladies ranged from 0.39% (0.12 to 1.29) in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari provinces to 16.64% (13.69 to twenty.08) in Sistan and Baluchistan. Current feminine smoking charges vary from zero p.c in Bushehr, Chahar Mahal, Bakhtiari, Hormozgan, Ilam, North Khorasan Sistan, South Khorasan, Markazi, and Baluchistan to 1.59 p.c (1.04-2.43) in Tehran. It was throughout the vary. The present prevalence of hookah use amongst ladies ranged from zero p.c in Ardabil and West Azerbaijan to fifteen.27% (12.47-18.56) in Sistan and Baluchistan (Fig. 2b, Supplementary Table 2).
Geographic patterns of smoking prevalence amongst males
Age-standardized charges (95% CI) of males with ever smoking ranged from 20.94% (16.19 to 26.65) in South Khorasan Province to 45.99% (39.71 to 52.39) in Qazvin Province. The prevalence of ever smoking amongst males ranged from 13.28% (9.65-18.01) in South Khorasan Province to 39.02% (33.05-45.34) in Qazvin Province. Among males, the prevalence of ever utilizing hookah was 3.68% (1.96–6.81) in Kermanshah and 22.38% (12.63–20.63) in Isfahan. Current smoking prevalence amongst males ranged from 12.88% (9.31-17.57) in South Khorasan Province to 38.21% (32.25-44.55) in Qazvin Province. Current male smoking prevalence ranged from 7.29% (4.77 to 10.97) in South Khorasan Province to 32.39% (26.87 to 38.44) in Qazvin Province. The present prevalence of hookah use amongst males ranged from 2.81% (1.38–5.66) in Kermanshah to 12.32% (9.31–16.12) in Isfahan (Fig. 2c, Supplementary Table 2).
Cigarette and hookah smoking
Cigarette and hookah smoking amongst men and women
The all-age imply (SD) cigarette packs/12 months was 17.56 (19.32) cigarettes general, 11.93 (17.35) for girls, and 17.83 (19.37) for males. The imply variety of cigarettes (SD) smoked per day was 12.41 (10.27) for the general inhabitants, 7.65 (8.09) for girls, and 12.64 (10.31) for males. The common month-to-month hookah utilization time (SD) was 0.42 (7.87) general, 2.86 (23.46) for girls, and 0.3 (6.2) for males (Fig. 3, Supplementary Table 3).
Figure 3
Tobacco consumption in numerous age teams: common cigarette pack/12 months (a). Median variety of cigarette packs/12 months (b); imply month-to-month period of hookah use (c); imply variety of cigarettes smoked per day (d); median variety of cigarettes smoked per day (e).
Age patterns of cigarette and hookah smoking
The imply variety of cigarettes smoked per day (SD) will increase with age, from 9 cigarettes for males and 4.28 cigarettes (5.02 cigarettes) for girls aged 18 to 24 years, to an noticed peak of 13.87 cigarettes for males and 10.08 cigarettes for girls. It elevated to 14.64 (7.73). Women aged 65–69 years (Figure 3, Supplementary Table 3).
Geographic patterns of tobacco and hookah smoking
Cigarette and hookah smoking differed considerably between women and men in 31 provinces of Iran (Fig. 4a–c, and Supplementary Table 4).
Figure 4
Geographical sample of tobacco consumption in Iran: complete (a); ladies (b); males (c).
Geographic patterns of cigarette and hookah smoking amongst ladies
Among the provinces with enough knowledge, the typical cigarette packs/12 months ranged from 0.03 packs in Qazvin province to 45 packs in Gilan province. The median worth of cigarette packs per 12 months ranged from 0.03 packs in Qazvin to 45 packs in Gilan. The common variety of cigarettes smoked per day ranged from 0.03 in Qazvin to 18.61 in Hamadan. The median variety of cigarettes smoked per day ranged from 0.03 in Qazvin to twenty in Kermanshah, Gilan, Lorestan, and Fars provinces. Average month-to-month hookah utilization time ranges from zero to 7.31 minutes in Alborz, Ardebil, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamadan, Isfahan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Khuzestan, Lorestan, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Semnan, and Zanjan The vary was as much as Telhan. Median month-to-month hookah use hours ranged from zero in Alborz, Ardebil, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamadan, Isfahan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Razavi Khorasan, Khuzestan, Kurdistan, Kogilye, and Boyer. , Ahmad, Lorestan, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Semnan, Tehran, and Zanjan as much as 4.29 in Qom and Yazd (Fig. 4b, Supplementary Table 4).
Geographic patterns of cigarette and hookah smoking amongst males
The common cigarette packs/12 months ranged from 10.28 packs in Sistan and Baluchistan to 24.9 packs in West Azerbaijan. The median worth of cigarette packs per 12 months ranged from 4.5 in Kerman to 19.2 in Qom. The common variety of cigarettes smoked per day ranged from 7.93 in Razavi Khorasan province to 17.4 in West Azerbaijan. The median variety of cigarettes smoked per day was 6 in Razavi Khorasan and 20 in West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan. Average month-to-month hookah use hours ranged from zero in Ardebil, Chahar Mahal, Bakhtiari, Hormozgan, Ilam, North Khorasan, South Khorasan, and Qazvin to five.24 hours in Sistan and Baluchistan. Median month-to-month hours of hookah use was zero in all states (Fig. 4a, Supplementary Table 4).
Spread of passive smoking
The prevalence of passive smoking within the residence
The prevalence fee (95% CI) of passive smoking within the residence for all age teams nationwide was 24.64 folks (24.05-25.24), 27.38 folks (26.59-28.18) for girls, and 20.26 folks (19.39-21.17) for males. there have been. The prevalence of second-hand smoke at residence decreased with age for each women and men, from 29.35% (27.39-31.39) for 18-24 12 months olds to 16.17% (13.74-18.93) for 70-74 12 months olds. Then, for these over 75 years previous, he rose to 18.72% (16.22-21.52). The prevalence of secondhand smoke at residence amongst ladies ranged from 14.94% (11.11 to 19.79) % in Alborc canton to 48.9% (43.5 to 54.33) in Alborc canton. Kerman. The prevalence of second-hand smoke at residence amongst males ranged from 8.2% (5–13.17) in Alborz Province to 39.14% (32.84–45.83) in Kerman Province (Figs. 2, 5, Supplementary Tables 1, 2 ).
Figure 5
Prevalence of second-hand smoke in numerous age teams: at residence (a); at work (b); each at residence and at work (c).
The prevalence of passive smoking within the office
The prevalence (95% CI) of passive smoking within the office for all age teams nationwide was 19.49% (18.95-20.05) general, 17.33% (16.67-18.02) for girls, and 22.94% (22.01-23.9) for males. was. The prevalence of passive smoking within the office elevated from 22.92% (21.11 to 24.84) amongst 18- to 24-year-olds to 23.98% (22.62 to 25.39) amongst 25- to 34-year-olds for each women and men. The prevalence of passive smoking within the office amongst ladies ranged from 6.91% (4.47 to 10.53) in Semnan to 36.7% (31.91 to 41.77) in Kurdistan. The prevalence of secondhand smoke at work amongst males ranged from 14.37% (10.06–20.1) in South Khorasan Province to 43.44% (35.72–51.49) in Ardabil (Figs. 1, 5, Supplementary Table 1 , 2).
Determinants of smoking
wealth and training
At the nationwide stage, decrease wealth index or years of education have been related to larger charges of previous or present smoking amongst each men and women (Table 3). Nevertheless, wealth index and years of education performed completely different roles in smoking prevalence amongst men and women in every province of Iran (Fig. 6, Supplementary Table 5).
Table 3 Wealth and years of training focus index for tobacco and smoking for men and women. Figure 6
National and regional focus indices for tobacco and smoking wealth (a) and years of education (b) for men and women.
geographic sample
Using model-based clustering, the 31 provinces of Iran have been categorized into 4 clusters primarily based on smoking historical past, smoking historical past, present smoking prevalence, and present smoking prevalence (Figure 7). Smoking prevalence among the many 4 clusters is proven in Table 4.
Figure 7
Based on the mannequin, we cluster 31 Iranian provinces into 4 clusters primarily based on the prevalence of ever smoking, ever smoking, present smoking, and present smoking. AL Alborz, AR Ardebil, EA Azerbaijan East, WA Azerbaijan West, BS Bushehr, CM Chahal Mahal Bakhtiari, FA Fars, GI Gilan, GO Golestan, HD Hamedan, HG Hormozgan, IL Ilam, ES Isfahan, KE Kerman, BK Kerman Shah, KN North Khorasan, KR Razavi Khorasan, KS South Khorasan, KZ Khuzestan, KB Kokire and Boyer Ahmad, KD Kurdistan, LO Lorestan, MK Markazi, MN Mazandaran, QZ Qazvin, QM Kom, SM Semnan, SB Sistan-and-Baluchestan, TE Tehran, YA Yazd, ZA Zanjan.
Table 4 Smoking prevalence in 4 clusters of 31 Iranian provinces.
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