1. Introduction
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic illness attributable to a protozoan of the genus Leishmania. The illness has been labeled by the World Health Organization (WHO) as some of the vital uncared for tropical ailments as a consequence of its critical impacts on financial growth and well-being (1). Several totally different types of leishmaniasis have been reported that are primarily labeled into three most important classes, together with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), visceral leishmaniasis (VL), and muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the feminine sandfly vector of the genus Phlebotomus (all through Africa/Asia) or Lutzomyia (in America) and the medical penalties of the illness vary from self-limiting CL to deadly VL (2–5).
Leishmaniasis is endemic in 97 international locations, with an estimated 350 million folks in danger for the illness and an incidence of roughly 50,000 to 90,000 instances of VL and 0.7 to 1.2 million instances of CL (6–8). Iran is among the many first six international locations on the earth challenged with the CL and is assessed as a high-risk nation for the illness (9) though VL is also endemic in some elements of nation (10). The variety of reported Leishmania instances in Iran decreased from 23,202 in 2008 to 13,124 in 2019 (11).
CL is mostly labeled into two types based mostly on medical signs and epidemiological traits: zoonotic CL (ZCL) or rural CL as a consequence of Leishmania main, and anthroponotic CL (ACL) or city CL as a consequence of Leishmania tropica (8, 12–14). ZCL is endemic within the northeastern, central, western, and southwestern provinces of Iran, with some foci in southeastern areas. The most important vectors of ZCL are Phlebotomus papatasi, and the illness is transmitted to people via desert rodents of the Gerbillidae household, together with Rhombomys opimus, Tatera indica, Meriones libycus, M. persicus, M. hurrianae, and Nesokia indica. On the opposite hand, ACL is usually reported from massive cities and small cities and villages in Shiraz (southwest), Tehran (central), Mashhad (northeast), Kerman, and Bam (southeast), with some overlaps in some endemic foci in Iran. The main vector of ACL is Ph. sergenti, which primarily transmits the illness amongst people and probably canines (15, 16).
GIS is a strong and environment friendly know-how that has been used to research the spatial patterns of assorted public well being issues, together with parasitic ailments. Using spatial knowledge and analyzing it might probably enhance the well being of society in a short while and be cost-effective (17–19). The epidemiology CL is said to interactions between the parasite, vector, host, and the surroundings. Recently, GIS-based research have proven an affiliation between the prevalence of CL in endemic areas and elements similar to climatic and environmental conditions, human journey and immigration, and socio-economic standing (20, 21).
Several GIS-based research have been carried out to investigate the danger elements related to CL in Iran. Sharafi et al. confirmed an affiliation between a excessive incidence of CL and areas with most temperature, imply of temperature, imply of evaporation, sunny days, and wind velocity (22). Holakouie-Naieni et al. fund that CL most prominently happens in areas with dry and desert climates (23). Ghatee et al. research recognized land cowl, slope, elevation, and shut proximity to cattle sheds as the best elements in CL incidence (18).
Bam County in southeast Iran has been thought of by the Iranian Health Ministry and World Health Organization as an important ACL focus of Iran (24, 25) with a spectrum of land covers the place a destroying earthquake occurred in 2003. About 40,000 CL instances have been reported in a half-century interval with the very best incidence within the close by years after earthquake in 2003 and a reducing pattern within the latest years (26). DNA based mostly molecular strategies revealed L. tropica in virtually all human CL instances whereas no L. main an infection was reported (27). Also 2.6% of trapped Ph. sergenti was contaminated by L. tropica in Bam space (28).
Although totally different epidemiological and molecular research on CL have been carried out in Bam County, no analysis has been carried out to investigate CL distribution based mostly on the environmental and climatic variables by GIS know-how in on this space. The present research up to date CL knowledge from this extremely endemic focus and investigated the distribution and incidence of CL based mostly on the geo-climatic elements on this hyper-endemic focus of CL in Southeast Iran utilizing GIS.
2. Methods
2.1. Study areas
Kerman is the most important province of Iran, with a inhabitants of two.7 million. The province covers an space of 181,714 km2 within the southeastern a part of the nation. Bam is among the historic cities and counties within the Kerman province (Figure 1) with a inhabitants of ~318,241 folks. This metropolis has a heat and arid local weather and is situated in geographical coordinates of 29°6′ N and 58°21′ E and an elevation of 1,050 m (29). The most important agricultural and orchard merchandise of this county are wheat, barley, alfalfa, palm, varied kinds of citrus, and pistachio.
Figure 1. The location of Bam County in Kerman province in southeast Iran.
2.2. Data assortment
CL instances have been recognized based mostly on the epidemiological, medical, and historic proof and outcomes of microscopic examination (e.g., Giemsa/Leishman-stained pores and skin scraping) and confirmed by the physicians on the Leishmaniasis Center. Home addresses and demographic knowledge of all sufferers from 2015 to 2020 have been obtained from sufferers’ medical data on the Bam Leishmania Center. The validity of residence addresses was checked by calling every affected person utilizing the telephone quantity obtained from their medical data.
2.3. Geospatial knowledge
The residences of CL sufferers have been situated on the purpose shapefile layer of Bam County, together with villages and cities. From 2015 to 2020, knowledge on imply temperature, minimal temperature, most temperature, rainfall, humidity, evaporation, variety of frozen days, and variety of sunny hours have been acquired from 12 synoptic metrological stations situated in Kerman Province together with Kerman, Bam, Sirjan, Shahr-e-Babak, Baft, Rafsanjan, Anar, Kahnouj, Zarand, Shahdad, Lalehzar and Jiroft cities. These stations collected meteorological knowledge at 6 or 3-h intervals all through the day and evening. The knowledge have been obtained from the Kerman Province Weather Bureau.
Mean annual temperature (MAT), most annual temperature (MaxMAT), minimal annual temperature (MinMAT), imply annual humidity (MAH), imply annual evaporation (MAE), imply annual frozen days (MAFD), and imply annual sunny hours (MASH) have been calculated based mostly on the meteorological knowledge. After testing totally different interpolation strategies, iso-thermal, iso-hydrate, iso-evaporation, frozen days, and sunny hour’s raster layers have been generated utilizing inverse distance weighted (IDW) and iso-humid was generated by tension-based spline technique with a 1 × 1 km for Kerman Province.
2.3.1. Geo-climatic evaluation
2.4. Statistical evaluation
Having described the spatial distribution and demographic traits of CL sufferers, the impact of climatic and environmental elements on the incidence of CL was assessed. Accordingly, geo-climatic knowledge of CL-infected and non-infected factors have been analyzed utilizing univariate and multivariate logistic regression (ahead stepwise technique) fashions. The statistical analyzes have been carried out utilizing SPSS model 21.
3. Results
A complete of 847 sufferers’ knowledge have been retrieved from the Leishmaniasis Center of Bam. Of these, 50.9% (n = 431) and 49.1% (n = 416) have been feminine and male, respectively. The age teams with the very best frequency of sufferers have been 0–10 (29.04%) and 11–20 (17.11%), respectively.
3.1. Univariate evaluation
Leishmaniasis sufferers have been reported from 66 villages/cities (11.8%) of 561 residential areas in Bam County. MAT (p = 0.002, OR = 2.795) MaxMAT (p = 0.004, OR = 3.478), and MinMAT (p = 0.001, OR = 2.378) have been efficient elements within the incidence of CL. An enhance of 1 centigrade diploma of MAT, MaxMAT, and MinMAT elevated the possibility of CL by 279, 347, and 237%, respectively (Table 1).
Table 1. Univariate evaluation of the results of climatic elements on CL in Bam County.
MAR (p = < 0.001, OR = 0.826), MAH (p = 0.003, OR = 0.93), and MAE (p = < 0.001, OR = 0.983) have been additionally efficient on the CL distribution within the studied areas, reducing the possibility of ailments by 18, 7, and a pair of%, respectively, for a rise of every unit of talked about variables. MAFD (p = < 0.001, OR = 0.885) and MASH (p = 0.73, OR = 1.007) have been different studied elements on the incidence of CL within the Bam County, the place a rise in every frozen day decreased the possibility of CL by 12%. MASH didn’t present an impact on CL within the present research (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Minimum annual temperature (A), imply annual evaporation (B), imply annual temperature (C), most annual temperature (D), imply annual rainfall (E), imply annual snowy hours (F), imply annual humidity (G), imply annual frosty days (H) maps and distribution of CL contaminated factors.
Among the totally different land sorts overlaying the studied space, agriculture (p = 0.005, OR = 5.731), orchard (p = 0.031, OR = 5), salt land (p = 0.043, OR = 5.909), and concrete settings (p = 0.002, OR = 21.667) have been proven to be efficient on the CL incidence, rising the possibility of the illness by 5.7, 5, 5.9 and 21.6 instances, respectively. Moderate rangeland (p = 0.919), low forest and woodland (p = 0.998), and naked land (p = 0.825) didn’t have an effect on the incidence of illness. Elevation (DEM) negatively affected the incidence of CL (p < 0.001, OR = 0.999) (Table 1; Figure 3).
Figure 3. Digital elevation mannequin (A) and land covers (B) maps and distribution of contaminated factors. No residential locations have been on rock and aquifer areas (There are 561 residential locations together with cities and villages in Bam County that can not be proven on the map as a consequence of crowding and so solely these had CL sufferers have been current on the map). Most of CL contaminated factors have been discovered on the city settings (crimson), agriculture, orchards (inexperienced) and elements of salt lands (purple) the place are in shut proximity of agriculture areas. No contaminated factors have been noticed on the salt lands on the east of county.
3.2. Multivariate evaluation
A ahead stepwise multivariate logistic regression mannequin was designed for the variables that have been considerably efficient on the incidence of CL within the univariate evaluation, together with MAT, MaxMAT, MinMAT, MAR, MAH, MAE, MAFD, DEM, and land covers to evaluate the concomitant impact of unbiased elements. In the ultimate step, MinMAT and land cowl have been included within the mannequin and different elements didn’t present vital impact and have been routinely faraway from the mannequin. MinMAT (p = 0.001, OR = 2.382), and land covers of agriculture (p = 0.005, OR = 5.822), orchard (p = 0.015, OR = 6.296), and concrete (p = 0.011, OR = 13.606) have been the efficient elements within the last multivariate mannequin (Table 2).
Table 2. Multivariate evaluation of geo-climatic elements related to CL in Bam County.
4. Discussion
Urban settings, orchard areas, agriculture areas, and MinMAT had the best impact on the incidence of CL within the Bam County, southeast Iran. Temperatures, rain, humidity, evaporation, frozen days, elevation, and salt land space have been decided to be elements within the incidence of CL when assessed independently from different elements.
Urban setting land cowl was proven to have the best impact on the incidence of CL within the present research. Urban settings are massive residential areas together with cities and huge villages which might be recognized within the main satellite tv for pc photos after which drawn as part of the land cowl maps. Different research from varied areas in Iran have proven a big enhance within the danger of leishmaniasis in massive and extra populated residential areas (17, 18, 30). The dominant sort of CL in Bam County is ACL attributable to L. tropica, which is named city leishmaniasis (8, 31) The most important vector of ACL in Bam County is Ph. sergenti (77%) which prefers dwelling indoors and is in shut contact with people. In Bam County, 85 and 81% of Phlebotomus species caught from indoor human and animal locations have been Ph. sergenti (32). Moreover, there are a notable variety of orchards, together with palm and citrus bushes round houses in Bam metropolis and different cities and villages on this space, which can present shade, moisture, and appropriate breeding locations for sandflies (33). A scientific overview in 2020 concluded that though through the first half of the 20th century, dwelling in areas away from inhabitants facilities or proximity to forests have been vital danger elements for leishmaniasis, over time, city and peri-urban dwellers have been on the best danger of leishmaniasis.
Vector adaptation to city areas and the enlargement of those areas to surrounding vegetation, and proximity to agricultural areas as pure breeding grounds for vectors and possible reservoirs, particularly in creating international locations, enhance the probabilities of buying leishmaniasis (20). Additionally, the excessive density of inhabitants in city areas ensuing from inhabitants migration from rural areas to city areas for work and residence because of the extreme drought in Iran in latest many years (34) will increase the chance of CL transmission in city settings.
Results of this research confirmed that orchards and agriculture areas had a notable impact on the incidence of CL within the Bam County. These lands present appropriate circumstances for the expansion of vectors. Sand flies as Leishmania vectors choose shadowy humid habitats like orchards and agriculture areas for the laying of eggs, survival, and growth of immature phases and people who work there are at the next danger of being bitten (35).
In Bam County, additionally, there are cultivating areas in neighboring cities and villages and a notable variety of bushes are within the courts of houses. Therefore, the abundance of sand fly inhabitants near human settlements can enhance the danger of illness. The results of our research was in line with different research that reported a notable variety of leishmaniasis sufferers to work or have been on agricultural farms (36–39). However, the investigation carried out by Mokhtari et al. (40) in Ilam demonstrated that the event of irrigation for agricultural goals in an arid space considerably decreased ZCL instances. They inferred that the nest of rodents is a spot for sandflies to relaxation, and irrigation of fields may cause destruction of those locations and finally urged that the event of irrigated agriculture may work as a preventive issue for CL prevalence.
In Bam, virtually all instances of leishmaniasis are ACL attributable to L. tropica which circulates primarily amongst people whereas rodents don’t play a task in its circle. Accordingly, one other research with an ACL-dominant focus in Afghanistan confirmed the impact of irrigated farming and shut proximity to the Harrirod river on the rise of ACL instances (41).
Salt land was discovered as one other efficient land cowl that will increase the possibility of CL within the Bam County. There are just a few research which have investigated the impact of salt land on leishmaniasis although no affiliation was discovered (17, 42). Observation of the land cowl map reveals that CL was reported from elements of salt lands that have been simply close by to agriculture areas whereas there isn’t any contaminated place in different elements of salt lands particularly within the japanese area of Bam County (Figure 3). Therefore, we assume that the impact discovered for this land sort belonged to the neighboring agricultural space though salty areas have been discovered as efficient land cowl for another parasitological ailments (43). Some research have reported that behavioral actions and the life cycle of sand flies and reservoir hosts of leishmaniasis are impacted by modifications in climatic elements of rainfall, humidity, and atmospheric temperature (44–46). We noticed a constructive impact of temperatures on the CL incidence that was in step with research carried out in different areas with shut weather conditions in Iran. Hanafi-Bojd et al. (35) confirmed that imply annual temperature was among the many most vital elements on the presence of CL vectors particularly in central Iran. Shirzadi et al. in a research that included provinces within the east and northeast of Iran confirmed a considerably constructive relationship between CL incidence and land floor temperature (47). Mozafari et al. (48) reported that the utmost temperature of the warmest month and imply temperature of the warmest and driest quarters have the very best contribution to the distribution of the illness within the Golestan province. Various research have confirmed that greater most temperature, decrease rainfall, and decrease relative humidity are efficient elements within the geographic distribution of leishmaniasis, particularly in semi-arid areas of central Iran (47, 49, 50). Also, in arid areas of japanese Iran and one other focus in southeast Iran, primarily together with semi-arid areas, decrease rainfall elevated the possibility of illness (17, 18). In the present research, greater temperatures, decrease humidity, rainfall, and the decrease variety of frozen days had a constructive impact on the incidence of CL. Bam County, in southeast Iran, is part of the huge arid and semi-arid southeast, east-northeast, and central area of Iran. The lack of dependence on rainfall and climate humidity within the aforementioned research might be because of the reliance on underground water to help life on this arid area the place sand flies are prone to exist on the restricted humidity supplied by water pulled from underground sources used for various functions, together with every day consumption, agriculture, animal husbandry, and business.
Considering that rainfall has a correlation with elevation, the place a rise in elevation and a consequent lower in temperature result in elevated precipitation, there’s a destructive affiliation between CL and elevation within the Bam County. This might be defined by the destructive impact of coldness and precipitation on the survival of sandflies in excessive elevations. Galvez et al. (51) confirmed in a research in Spain that there was a lower of 5–7% within the density of sandflies with every millimeter enhance in rainfall.
Evaporation had a destructive influence on CL within the present research. This could also be defined by the restricted humidity supplied by confined water reservoirs and irrigated farms and gardens, which is significant for sandflies survival. Higher evaporation decreases humidity for sandflies on this semi-arid space. In distinction, in greener areas with excessive rainfall and humidity and a variety of water sources in north Iran, greater evaporation was positively related to CL (52). Generally, CL is extra prevalent in low-humidity areas and due to this fact, greater evaporation could create such circumstances in areas with greater humidity as properly.
The most important limitation of this research is the possible absence of some sufferers. Even although associated knowledge from all sufferers referred to Leishmaniasis Center in Bam through the studied interval have been included, some folks could attempt to deal with their illness by conventional strategies and don’t seek advice from the Leishmaniasis Center and due to this fact their knowledge weren’t included right here.
Implementation of energetic case-finding approaches may assist assess the precise burden of the illness for planning future management applications. In the second place, as a consequence of some cofounding elements together with socio-cultural determinants and motion of individuals between varied areas, it was not possible to offer a decisive conclusion for a complete CL management program.
5. Conclusion
Data availability assertion
Ethics assertion
The research involving people have been accepted by Ethics Committee of Bam University of Medical Sciences (IR.MUBAM.REC.1399.020). The research have been carried out in accordance with the native laws and institutional necessities. The members supplied their written knowledgeable consent to take part on this research.
Author contributions
Funding
This analysis was financially supported by Bam University of Medical Sciences (undertaking no. 98000056).
Conflict of curiosity
Publisher’s observe
Footnotes
References
1. World Health Organization. Leishmaniases ECotCot. Control of the leishmaniases: Report of a gathering of the WHO professional Commitee on the management of Leishmaniases, Geneva, 22–26 march 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization (2010).
Google Scholar
2. Burza, S, Croft, S, and Boelaert, M. Leishmaniasis. Lancet. Leishmaniasis. Lancet. (2018) 392:951–70. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31204-2
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
3. Alvar, J, Vélez, ID, Bern, C, Herrero, M, Desjeux, P, Cano, J, et al. Leishmaniasis worldwide and world estimates of its incidence. PLoS One. (2012) 7:e35671. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035671
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
4. Babaloo, Z, Oskoei, MR, Kohansal, MH, Barac, A, and Ahmadpour, E. Serum profile of IL-1β and IL-17 cytokines in sufferers with visceral leishmaniasis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. (2020) 69:101431. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101431
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
5. Bamorovat, M, Sharifi, I, Aflatoonian, MR, Karamoozian, A, Tahmouresi, A, Jafarzadeh, A, et al. Prophylactic impact of cutaneous leishmaniasis in opposition to COVID-19: a case-control discipline evaluation. Int J Infect Dis. (2022) 122:155–61. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.09.050
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
6. Organization WH. Global leishmaniasis replace, 2006-2015: a turning level in leishmaniasis surveillance. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. (2017) 92:557–65.
Google Scholar
7. Nemati, T, Khanmohammadi, M, Bazmani, A, Mirsamadi, N, Koshki, MHK, Mohebali, M, et al. Study on Leishmania an infection in cats from Ahar, East Azerbaijan Province and north West Iran by parasitological, serological and molecular strategies. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. (2015) 5:40–3. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(15)30168-4
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
8. Ghatee, MA, Mirhendi, H, Marashifard, M, Kanannejad, Z, Taylor, WR, and Sharifi, I. Population construction of Leishmania tropica inflicting anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southern Iran by PCR-RFLP of kinetoplastid DNA. Biomed Res Int. (2018) 2018:1–11. doi: 10.1155/2018/6049198
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
9. Sharifi, I, Khosravi, A, Aflatoonian, MR, Salarkia, E, Bamorovat, M, Karamoozian, A, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis scenario evaluation within the Islamic Republic of Iran in preparation for an elimination plan. Frontiers. Public Health. (2023) 11:11. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1091709
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
10. Ghatee, MA, Mirhendi, H, Karamian, M, Taylor, WR, Sharifi, I, Hosseinzadeh, M, et al. Population constructions of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica the causative brokers of kala-azar in Southwest Iran. Parasitol Res. (2018) 117:3447–58. doi: 10.1007/s00436-018-6041-1
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
11. Razavi, MR, Shirzadi, MR, Mohebali, M, Yaghoobi-Ershadi, MR, Vatandoost, H, Shirzadi, M, et al. Human cutaneous leishmaniosis in Iran, as much as Date-2019. J Arthropod Borne Dis. (2021) 15:143–51. doi: 10.18502/jad.v15i2.7483
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
12. Shirzadi, M, and Gouya, M. National tips for cutaneous leishmaniasis surveillance in Iran. Tehran: MoHaME Zoonoses Control Dep (2012).
Google Scholar
13. Fakhar, M, Ghohe, HP, Rasooli, SA, Karamian, M, Mohib, AS, Hezarjaribi, HZ, et al. Genetic variety of Leishmania tropica strains remoted from medical types of cutaneous leishmaniasis in rural districts of Herat province, Western Afghanistan, based mostly on ITS1-rDNA. Infect Genet Evol. (2016) 41:120–7. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.03.031
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
14. Hajaran, H, Mohebali, M, Zareei, Z, and Edrisian, GH. Leishmania tropica: Another etiological agent of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Iran J Public Health. (2007) 36:85–8.
Google Scholar
15. Rassi, Y, Jalali, M, Javadian, E, and Moatazedian, M. Confirmation of Meriones libycus (Rodentia; Gerbillidae) as the primary reservoir host of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in arsanjan, Fars province, south of Iran (1999-2000). Iran J Public Health. (2001) 30:143–4.
Google Scholar
16. Rassi, Y, Sofizadeh, A, Abai, M, Oshaghi, M, Rafizadeh, S, Mohebail, M, et al. Molecular detection of Leishmania main within the vectors and reservoir hosts of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kalaleh District, Golestan Province, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. (2008) 2:21–7.
Google Scholar
17. Karamian, M, Ghatee, MA, Shayesteh, M, Taylor, WR, Mohebi-Nejad, S, Taheri, G, et al. The impact of geo-climatic determinants on the distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a lately rising focus in japanese Iran. Parasit Vectors. (2021) 14:1–7. doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-05046-0
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
18. Ghatee, MA, Haghdoost, AA, Kooreshnia, F, Kanannejad, Z, Parisaie, Z, Karamian, M, et al. Role of environmental, climatic danger elements and livestock animals on the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in newly rising focus in Iran. J Infect Public Health. (2018) 11:425–33. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.12.004
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
19. Ghatee, MA, Nikaein, Ok, Taylor, WR, Karamian, M, Alidadi, H, Kanannejad, Z, et al. Environmental, climatic and host inhabitants danger elements of human cystic echinococcosis in southwest of Iran. BMC public well being. (2020) 20:1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09638-w
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
20. Valero, NNH, and Uriarte, M. Environmental and socioeconomic danger elements related to visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis: a scientific overview. Parasitol Res. (2020) 119:365–84. doi: 10.1007/s00436-019-06575-5
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
21. Bamorovat, M, Sharifi, I, Afshari, SAK, Karamoozian, A, Tahmouresi, A, Heshmatkhah, A, et al. Poor adherence is a serious barrier to the right therapy of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a case-control discipline evaluation in Iran. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. (2023) 21:21–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.11.006
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
22. Sharafi, M, Poormotaseri, Z, Karimi, J, Rezaeian, S, Dehghani, SL, and Afrashteh, S. Spatial evaluation and geographic elements related to cutaneous Leishmaniasis in southern Iran. J. Environ. Health Sustain. Dev. (2020) 5:928–34. doi: 10.18502/jehsd.v5i1.2474
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
23. Holakouie-Naieni, Ok, Mostafavi, E, Boloorani, AD, Mohebali, M, and Pakzad, R. Spatial modeling of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran from 1983 to 2013. Acta Trop. (2017) 166:67–73. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.004
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
24. Sharifi, I, Aflatoonian, MR, Fekri, AR, Parizi, MH, Afshar, AA, Khosravi, A, et al. A complete overview of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kerman Province, southeastern Iran-narrative overview article. Iran J Public Health. (2015) 44:299–307.
PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar
25. Shirzadi, M, Esfahania, S, Mohebalia, M, Ershadia, M, Gharachorlo, F, Razavia, M, et al. Epidemiological standing of leishmaniasis within the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1983-2012. EMHJ. (1995) 21:736–42. doi: 10.26719/2015.21.10.736
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
26. Aflatoonian, M, Sharifi, I, Aflatoonian, B, Salarkia, E, Khosravi, A, Tavakoli Oliaee, R, et al. Fifty years of wrestle to regulate cutaneous leishmaniasis within the highest endemic county in Iran: a longitudinal remark inferred with interrupted time collection mannequin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. (2022) 16:e0010271. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010271
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
27. Ghatee, M, Sharifi, I, Mirhendi, H, Kanannejad, Z, and Hatam, G. Investigation of double-band electrophoretic sample of ITS-rDNA area in Iranian isolates of Leishmania tropica. Iran J Parasitol. (2013) 8:264–72.
PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar
28. Aghaei, AA, Rassi, Y, Sharifi, I, Vatandoost, H, Mollaie, H, Oshaghi, M, et al. First report on pure Leishmania an infection of Phlebotomus sergenti due Leishmania tropica by excessive decision melting curve technique in South-Eastern Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med. (2014) 7:93–6. doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60002-X
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
29. Halimi, M, Cheghabaleki, ZZ, Modrek, MJ, and Delavari, M. Temporal dynamics of phlebotomine sand flies inhabitants in response to ambient temperature variation, bam, Kerman Province of Iran. Ann Glob Health. (2016) 82:824–31. doi: 10.1016/j.aogh.2016.07.009
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
30. Ghatee, MA, Taylor, WR, and Karamian, M. The geographical distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis causative brokers in Iran and its neighboring international locations, a overview. Front Public Health. (2020) 8:11. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00011
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
31. Karimi, T, Sharifi, I, Aflatoonian, MR, Aflatoonian, B, Mohammadi, MA, Salarkia, E, et al. A protracted-lasting rising epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran: inhabitants motion and peri-urban settlements as a serious danger issue. Parasit Vectors. (2021) 14:1–14. doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04619-3
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
32. Aghasi, M, and Sharifi, I. Survey of the fauna and month-to-month exercise of the sandfly because the vectors of the cutaneous leishmaniasis within the City of Bam. J Kerman Univ Med Sci. (2003) 10:85–91.
Google Scholar
33. Bamorovat, M, Sharifi, I, Dabiri, S, Shamsi Meymandi, S, Karamoozian, A, Amiri, R, et al. Major danger elements and histopathological profile of therapy failure, relapse and power sufferers with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis: a potential case-control research on therapy consequence and their medical significance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. (2021) 15:e0009089. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009089
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
34. Mousavi, A, Ardalan, A, Takian, A, Ostadtaghizadeh, A, Naddafi, Ok, and Bavani, AM. Climate change and well being in Iran: a story overview. J Environ Health Sci Eng. (2020) 18:367–78. doi: 10.1007/s40201-020-00462-3
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
35. Jahanifard, E, Hanafi-Bojd, AA, Nasiri, H, Matinfar, HR, Charrahy, Z, Abai, MR, et al. Prone areas of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southwest of Iran: mixture of hierarchical resolution mannequin (AHP) and GIS. J Arthropod Borne Dis. (2019) 13:310–23. doi: 10.18502/jad.v13i3.1540
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
36. Desjeux, P. The enhance in danger elements for leishmaniasis worldwide. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. (2001) 95:239–43. doi: 10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90223-8
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
37. Colwell, DD, Dantas-Torres, F, and Otranto, D. Vector-borne parasitic zoonoses: rising situations and new views. Vet Parasitol. (2011) 182:14–21. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.012
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
38. Sharma, U, and Singh, S. Insect vectors of Leishmania: distribution, physiology and their management. J Vector Borne Dis. (2008) 45:255–72.
PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar
39. Ghatee, MA, Nikaein, Ok, Rajaie, O, Taylor, WR, and Karamian, M. A comparative research of the proximity to nomadic journey routes and environmental elements on the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, southwestern Iran. Transbound Emerg Dis. (2022) 69:e547–53. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14332
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
40. Mokhtari, M, Miri, M, Nikoonahad, A, Jalilian, A, Naserifar, R, Ghaffari, HR, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis prevalence and morbidity based mostly on environmental elements in Ilam, Iran: spatial evaluation and land use regression fashions. Acta Trop. (2016) 163:90–7. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.08.002
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
41. Fakhar, M, Karamian, M, Ghatee, MA, Taylor, WR, Ghohe, HP, and Rasooli, SA. Distribution sample of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis attributable to Leishmania tropica in Western Afghanistan throughout 2013-2014. Acta Trop. (2017) 176:22–8. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.028
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
42. Ghatee, MA, Sharifi, I, Haghdoost, AA, Kanannejad, Z, Taabody, Z, Hatam, G, et al. Spatial correlations of inhabitants and ecological elements with distribution of visceral leishmaniasis instances in southwestern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. (2013) 50:179.
Google Scholar
43. Jamshidi, A, Haniloo, A, Fazaeli, A, and Ghatee, M. Effects of geographical and climatic elements on cystic echinococcosis in South-Western Iran. J Helminthol. (2020) 94:e175. doi: 10.1017/S0022149X20000553
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
44. Gage, KL, Burkot, TR, Eisen, RJ, and Hayes, EB. Climate and vectorborne ailments. Am J Prev Med. (2008) 35:436–50. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.030
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
45. Galgamuwa, LS, Dharmaratne, SD, and Iddawela, D. Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: spatial distribution and seasonal differences from 2009 to 2016. Parasit Vectors. (2018) 11:10–60. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2647-5
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
47. Shirzadi, MR, Mollalo, A, and Yaghoobi-Ershadi, MR. Dynamic relations between incidence of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis and climatic elements in Golestan Province, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. (2015) 9:148–60.
PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar
48. Mozafari, O, Shoraka, HR, and Kalteh, EA. Eco-epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Golestan Province, northeastern Iran: a scientific overview. Jorjani Biomed J. (2020) 8:60–78. doi: 10.29252/jorjanibiomedj.8.1.60
CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
49. Ahmadnezhad, E, Abdi, Z, Safdari, A, Fayyaz-Jahani, F, Malek-Afzali, S, and Fathollahi, S. Quantitative evaluation of most vital infectious illness pattern by local weather change in Iran: spatial pattern evaluation utilizing Mann-Kendal. Biostat Epidemiol. (2016) 2:98–103.
Google Scholar
50. Yazdanpanah, HA, and Rostamianpur, M. Analysis of spatial distribution of leishmaniasis and its relationship with climatic parameters (case research: Ilam Province). Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci. (2013) 2:80–6.
Google Scholar
51. Gálvez, R, Descalzo, M, Miró, G, Jiménez, M, Martín, O, Dos Santos-Brandao, F, et al. Seasonal tendencies and spatial relations between environmental/meteorological elements and leishmaniosis sand fly vector abundances in Central Spain. Acta Trop. (2010) 115:95–102. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.02.009
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar
52. Mohammadbeigi, A, Khazaei, S, Heidari, H, Asgarian, A, Arsangjang, S, Saghafipour, A, et al. An investigation of the results of environmental and ecologic elements on cutaneous leishmaniasis within the outdated world: a scientific overview research. Rev Environ Health. (2021) 36:117–28. doi: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0066
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar