Abstract
Objective
Long-distance skilled drivers, as an occupational group, are hypothesized to have a better threat of chubby and weight problems. The purpose of this examine was to estimate the prevalence and threat elements of chubby, underweight, and weight problems in long-distance skilled drivers.
Results
The prevalence of chubby and weight problems was 39.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 38.6, 39.6) and 10.8% (95% CI 10.5, 11.1), respectively. A complete proportion of two.7 (95% CI 2.5, 2.9) had been underweight. A complete proportion of 10.6 had BMI 30-40 kg/m2 and 0.2% had BMI ≥40 kg/m2. Using a stepwise binary logistic regression mannequin for chubby, underweight, and weight problems, age had a major unbiased relationship with underweight, chubby, and weight problems. Duration of labor, BP, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, and ldl cholesterol had important unbiased constructive affiliation and smoking had a unfavourable affiliation with chubby/weight problems when different covariates had been thought-about.
Conclusions
These findings point out that chubby and weight problems are prevalent amongst long-distance skilled drivers in Iran and seems to be much like the overall inhabitants.
1 INTRODUCTION
Overweight/weight problems is acknowledged as one of many world’s precedence well being challenges. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that globally about 39% of males aged 18 years and above had been chubby and 11% had been overweight.1 Long-distance skilled drivers are uncovered to circumstances that encourage weight acquire and related well being issues. Considering the working surroundings of long-distance skilled drivers, it’s anticipated that their weight can be greater than the overall inhabitants. It is hypothesized that chubby and weight problems charges are greater amongst skilled drivers than amongst normal inhabitants and different occupational groups2,3 as a result of their working surroundings is characterised by quite a few stress elements reminiscent of lack of bodily exercise resulting from working in a hard and fast place, unhealthy dietary habits, irregular working hours, and irregular sleep habits, sitting for lengthy durations, and extended stress. Some research in numerous nations reported a comparatively greater prevalence of chubby and weight problems amongst skilled drivers.2,4–7
Occupational well being issues of long-distance skilled drivers haven’t obtained important consideration in creating nations and little is thought concerning the precise prevalence of underweight, chubby, and weight problems in skilled drivers in Iran. In Iran, 700 000 skilled drivers are employed on a full-time foundation, a cohort which constitutes an excellent proportion of the Iranian inhabitants.8 Considering the significance of chubby and weight problems as a important threat issue for power illnesses in addition to its affiliation with sleep issues that enhance threat of accident,9 we aimed to conduct a examine to shed some mild on the prevalence of underweight, chubby, and weight problems and its associated threat elements in long-distance skilled drivers. The baseline information can be helpful for future comparability of the secular development and to offer information on the epidemiology of occupational weight problems in Iran.
2 SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Resting BP was measured after topics had been seated for 10 minutes through the use of a mercury sphygmomanometer and appropriately sized cuffs, utilizing commonplace methods. Fasting (12 hours) plasma glucose (FPG), cell blood counts, whole ldl cholesterol, and triglyceride had been measured utilizing standardized procedures. The ldl cholesterol and triglyceride had been assayed utilizing enzymatic assessments with commercially out there kits (Pars Azmoon Inc, Iran). Plasma glucose was measured by the glucose-peroxidase colorimetric enzymatic technique. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) focus was calculated utilizing the Friedewald formulation.11 The anthropometric measurements embrace peak, neck circumference (to the closest cm) and weight (on the nearest even decimal) had been taken with topics in mild clothes with out footwear. The listening to examination included pure-tone air and bone conduction audiometry. Visual health analysis was carried out by both an optometrist or educated doctor utilizing the Snellen Chart and Vision Screener. If any additional analysis is required, the drivers are referred to ophthalmologists. These are carrying on each different 12 months for these beneath the age of 40 and yearly after that.
2.1 Ethics assertion
2.2 Definitions
Body mass index (BMI) is acknowledged because the measure of general weight problems. The standards for underweight, fascinating weight, chubby, and lessons I, II, and III weight problems used on this examine had been based mostly on BMI (weight/height2 [kg/m2]) and had been in line with the definitions set forth by the WHO and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute as follows: underweight <18.5, fascinating weight 18.5-24.9, chubby 25-29.9, class I weight problems 30-34.9, class II weight problems 35-39.9, and sophistication III weight problems ≥40.12,13
2.3 Analysis
Continuous and categorical variables are expressed as means with commonplace error of the imply (SEM) or 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and percentages, respectively, except in any other case specified. Statistical strategies used included the Student’s t check, chi-square check, one-way evaluation of variance adopted by the one-way put up hoc Tukey check, and stepwise binary logistic regression. Spearman’s rho partial correlation analyses adjusting for age had been carried out to find out the linear relationship between the blood parameters and BMI. Age-adjusted means had been calculated and in contrast utilizing normal linear fashions. To estimate the chance elements of underweight, chubby, and weight problems, a stepwise binary logistic regression was carried out with the SPSS for Windows (SPSS Inc). Variable age, period of driving, FPG, systolic BP, triglyceride, ldl cholesterol, and smoking had been entered in fashions as categorical. Adjustment for age was examined in separate fashions. Systolic and diastolic BP weren’t included concurrently in regression evaluation to keep away from colinearity that these unbiased variables could have. All assessments for statistical significance had been two tailed, with the extent of significance at α < .05.
3 RESULTS
3.1 Characteristics
The drivers had a imply (commonplace deviation [SD]) period {of professional} driving 15.3 (9.6) years and imply (SD) age of 41.9 (10.2) years. Table 1 exhibits the variations within the distribution of age and age-adjusted period of labor, systolic and diastolic BP, ldl cholesterol, FPG, and peak, weight, and neck circumference amongst drivers with fascinating weight, underweight, chubby, and weight problems. As anticipated, the entire variables elevated with rising BMI class, besides peak, and present people who smoke which decreased with rising BMI class. Drivers in our pattern had been barely chubby. The age-adjusted imply (SEM) BMI was 25.7 (0.02) kg/m2. Of the 36 625 male long-distance skilled drivers, 14 320 had been chubby, 3947 had been overweight, and 985 had been underweight. Those with chubby and weight problems had been older and had greater age-adjusted neck circumference, FPG, BP, triglyceride, and ldl cholesterol than these with fascinating weight. The underweights had been youthful and had decrease age-adjusted neck circumference, FPG, triglyceride, and ldl cholesterol than these with fascinating weight. Triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL had been present in 60% and ldl cholesterol ≥190 was present in 34.7% of drivers. Considering smoking habits, 3991 (10.9%) of members had been present people who smoke. Underweight drivers had been extra prone to have smoked. Most (64%) had been skilled drivers for 10 years or extra. A complete proportion of 17.2 had been skilled drivers for lower than 5 years.
TABLE 1
Age-adjusted traits of drivers by regular weight, underweight, chubby, and weight problems
. Age-adjusted imply (SEM)
. Variables
. Underweight
. Desirable weight
. Overweight
. Obese
. Number (%)985 (2.7)17373 (47.4)14320 (39.1)3947 (10.8)Age at registration (y)38.1 (0.32)41.0 (0.08)42.9 (0.09)42.9 (0.16)*Duration of labor (y)15.2 (0.24)15.1 (0.06)15.4 (0.06)15.8 (0.11)*BMI (Kg/m2)17.5 (0.06)22.8 (0.01)27.6 (0.02)33.1 (0.03)*Height (cm)174.5 (0.19)174.1 (0.04)174.8 (0.05)174.7 (0.09)*Weight (Kg)53.4 (0.24)69.4 (0.06)84.4 (0.06)101.0 (0.12)*Neck circumference (cm)34.4 (0.07)35.9 (0.02)37.6 (0.02)39.5 (0.03)*Systolic BP (mmHg)110.7 (0.35)115.4 (0.08)119.2 (0.09)122.6 (0.17)*Diastolic BP (mmHg)71.0 (0.35)74.2 (0.08)76.2 (0.09)77.6 (0.18)*Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)91.1 (0.60)92.8 (0.14)95.7 (0.16)98.2 (0.30)*Triglyceride (mg/dL)140.7 (2.23)169.1 (0.53)190.1 (0.58)194.1 (1.11)*Total ldl cholesterol (mg/dL)156.7 (1.12)173.9 (0.27)182.9 (0.29)185.2 (0.56)*HDL (mg/dL)37.6 (0.50)39.4 (0.12)40.3 (0.14)40.7 (0.26)*LDL (mg/dL)96.0 (2.48)106.9 (0.60)110.2 (0.68)110.5 (1.27)*%%%%Triglyceride (mg/dL) <15068.846.333.230.1 ≥15031.257.766.869.9*Total ldl cholesterol (mg/dL) <19088.169.960.656.7 ≥19011.930.139.443.3*Smoking Never smoker81.587.990.790.6 Current smoker18.512.19.39.4*Blood group A+27.128.228.129.3 A−3.23.13.02.8 AB+8.16.76.37.2 AB−0.40.80.70.4 B+20.521.721.921.8 B−2.02.42.42.5 O+34.133.533.932.3 O−3.23.63.73.7
. Age-adjusted imply (SEM)
. Variables
. Underweight
. Desirable weight
. Overweight
. Obese
. Number (%)985 (2.7)17373 (47.4)14320 (39.1)3947 (10.8)Age at registration (y)38.1 (0.32)41.0 (0.08)42.9 (0.09)42.9 (0.16)*Duration of labor (y)15.2 (0.24)15.1 (0.06)15.4 (0.06)15.8 (0.11)*BMI (Kg/m2)17.5 (0.06)22.8 (0.01)27.6 (0.02)33.1 (0.03)*Height (cm)174.5 (0.19)174.1 (0.04)174.8 (0.05)174.7 (0.09)*Weight (Kg)53.4 (0.24)69.4 (0.06)84.4 (0.06)101.0 (0.12)*Neck circumference (cm)34.4 (0.07)35.9 (0.02)37.6 (0.02)39.5 (0.03)*Systolic BP (mmHg)110.7 (0.35)115.4 (0.08)119.2 (0.09)122.6 (0.17)*Diastolic BP (mmHg)71.0 (0.35)74.2 (0.08)76.2 (0.09)77.6 (0.18)*Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)91.1 (0.60)92.8 (0.14)95.7 (0.16)98.2 (0.30)*Triglyceride (mg/dL)140.7 (2.23)169.1 (0.53)190.1 (0.58)194.1 (1.11)*Total ldl cholesterol (mg/dL)156.7 (1.12)173.9 (0.27)182.9 (0.29)185.2 (0.56)*HDL (mg/dL)37.6 (0.50)39.4 (0.12)40.3 (0.14)40.7 (0.26)*LDL (mg/dL)96.0 (2.48)106.9 (0.60)110.2 (0.68)110.5 (1.27)*%%%%Triglyceride (mg/dL) <15068.846.333.230.1 ≥15031.257.766.869.9*Total ldl cholesterol (mg/dL) <19088.169.960.656.7 ≥19011.930.139.443.3*Smoking Never smoker81.587.990.790.6 Current smoker18.512.19.39.4*Blood group A+27.128.228.129.3 A−3.23.13.02.8 AB+8.16.76.37.2 AB−0.40.80.70.4 B+20.521.721.921.8 B−2.02.42.42.5 O+34.133.533.932.3 O−3.23.63.73.7TABLE 1
Age-adjusted traits of drivers by regular weight, underweight, chubby, and weight problems
. Age-adjusted imply (SEM)
. Variables
. Underweight
. Desirable weight
. Overweight
. Obese
. Number (%)985 (2.7)17373 (47.4)14320 (39.1)3947 (10.8)Age at registration (y)38.1 (0.32)41.0 (0.08)42.9 (0.09)42.9 (0.16)*Duration of labor (y)15.2 (0.24)15.1 (0.06)15.4 (0.06)15.8 (0.11)*BMI (Kg/m2)17.5 (0.06)22.8 (0.01)27.6 (0.02)33.1 (0.03)*Height (cm)174.5 (0.19)174.1 (0.04)174.8 (0.05)174.7 (0.09)*Weight (Kg)53.4 (0.24)69.4 (0.06)84.4 (0.06)101.0 (0.12)*Neck circumference (cm)34.4 (0.07)35.9 (0.02)37.6 (0.02)39.5 (0.03)*Systolic BP (mmHg)110.7 (0.35)115.4 (0.08)119.2 (0.09)122.6 (0.17)*Diastolic BP (mmHg)71.0 (0.35)74.2 (0.08)76.2 (0.09)77.6 (0.18)*Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)91.1 (0.60)92.8 (0.14)95.7 (0.16)98.2 (0.30)*Triglyceride (mg/dL)140.7 (2.23)169.1 (0.53)190.1 (0.58)194.1 (1.11)*Total ldl cholesterol (mg/dL)156.7 (1.12)173.9 (0.27)182.9 (0.29)185.2 (0.56)*HDL (mg/dL)37.6 (0.50)39.4 (0.12)40.3 (0.14)40.7 (0.26)*LDL (mg/dL)96.0 (2.48)106.9 (0.60)110.2 (0.68)110.5 (1.27)*%%%%Triglyceride (mg/dL) <15068.846.333.230.1 ≥15031.257.766.869.9*Total ldl cholesterol (mg/dL) <19088.169.960.656.7 ≥19011.930.139.443.3*Smoking Never smoker81.587.990.790.6 Current smoker18.512.19.39.4*Blood group A+27.128.228.129.3 A−3.23.13.02.8 AB+8.16.76.37.2 AB−0.40.80.70.4 B+20.521.721.921.8 B−2.02.42.42.5 O+34.133.533.932.3 O−3.23.63.73.7
. Age-adjusted imply (SEM)
. Variables
. Underweight
. Desirable weight
. Overweight
. Obese
. Number (%)985 (2.7)17373 (47.4)14320 (39.1)3947 (10.8)Age at registration (y)38.1 (0.32)41.0 (0.08)42.9 (0.09)42.9 (0.16)*Duration of labor (y)15.2 (0.24)15.1 (0.06)15.4 (0.06)15.8 (0.11)*BMI (Kg/m2)17.5 (0.06)22.8 (0.01)27.6 (0.02)33.1 (0.03)*Height (cm)174.5 (0.19)174.1 (0.04)174.8 (0.05)174.7 (0.09)*Weight (Kg)53.4 (0.24)69.4 (0.06)84.4 (0.06)101.0 (0.12)*Neck circumference (cm)34.4 (0.07)35.9 (0.02)37.6 (0.02)39.5 (0.03)*Systolic BP (mmHg)110.7 (0.35)115.4 (0.08)119.2 (0.09)122.6 (0.17)*Diastolic BP (mmHg)71.0 (0.35)74.2 (0.08)76.2 (0.09)77.6 (0.18)*Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)91.1 (0.60)92.8 (0.14)95.7 (0.16)98.2 (0.30)*Triglyceride (mg/dL)140.7 (2.23)169.1 (0.53)190.1 (0.58)194.1 (1.11)*Total ldl cholesterol (mg/dL)156.7 (1.12)173.9 (0.27)182.9 (0.29)185.2 (0.56)*HDL (mg/dL)37.6 (0.50)39.4 (0.12)40.3 (0.14)40.7 (0.26)*LDL (mg/dL)96.0 (2.48)106.9 (0.60)110.2 (0.68)110.5 (1.27)*%%%%Triglyceride (mg/dL) <15068.846.333.230.1 ≥15031.257.766.869.9*Total ldl cholesterol (mg/dL) <19088.169.960.656.7 ≥19011.930.139.443.3*Smoking Never smoker81.587.990.790.6 Current smoker18.512.19.39.4*Blood group A+27.128.228.129.3 A−3.23.13.02.8 AB+8.16.76.37.2 AB−0.40.80.70.4 B+20.521.721.921.8 B−2.02.42.42.5 O+34.133.533.932.3 O−3.23.63.73.7
3.2 Prevalence
Table 2 presents the prevalence of fascinating weight, underweight, chubby, and lessons I, II, and III weight problems. A complete proportion of 47.4 of the drivers had fascinating weights. Nearly half of the drivers had been chubby or overweight (49.9%). Overall 39.1% (95% CI 38.6, 39.6) drivers had been chubby and 10.8% (95% CI 10.5, 11.1) had been overweight. A complete proportion of two.7 (95% CI 2.5, 2.9) had been underweight. 9.3% (95% CI 9.0, 9.6) had class I weight problems (BMI 30-35 kg/m2), 1.3% (95% CI 1.2, 1.4) had class II weight problems (BMI 35-40 kg/m2), and 0.2% (95% CI 0.16, 0.25) had class III weight problems (BMI ≥40 kg/m2).
TABLE 2
Prevalence (%) of underweight, chubby, and lessons I, II, and III weight problems
Weight category7
. Cases
. Prevalence (%) (95% CI)
. Underweight9852.7 (2.5, 2.9)Desirable weight17 37347.4 (46.9, 47.9)Overweight14 32039.1 (38.6, 39.6)Class I obesity34089.3 (9.0, 9.6)Class II obesity4631.3 (1.2, 1.4)Class III obesity760.2 (0.16, 0.25)Obesity (BMI ≥30)394710.8 (10.5, 11.1)Weight category7
. Cases
. Prevalence (%) (95% CI)
. Underweight9852.7 (2.5, 2.9)Desirable weight17 37347.4 (46.9, 47.9)Overweight14 32039.1 (38.6, 39.6)Class I obesity34089.3 (9.0, 9.6)Class II obesity4631.3 (1.2, 1.4)Class III obesity760.2 (0.16, 0.25)Obesity (BMI ≥30)394710.8 (10.5, 11.1)TABLE 2
Prevalence (%) of underweight, chubby, and lessons I, II, and III weight problems
Weight category7
. Cases
. Prevalence (%) (95% CI)
. Underweight9852.7 (2.5, 2.9)Desirable weight17 37347.4 (46.9, 47.9)Overweight14 32039.1 (38.6, 39.6)Class I obesity34089.3 (9.0, 9.6)Class II obesity4631.3 (1.2, 1.4)Class III obesity760.2 (0.16, 0.25)Obesity (BMI ≥30)394710.8 (10.5, 11.1)Weight category7
. Cases
. Prevalence (%) (95% CI)
. Underweight9852.7 (2.5, 2.9)Desirable weight17 37347.4 (46.9, 47.9)Overweight14 32039.1 (38.6, 39.6)Class I obesity34089.3 (9.0, 9.6)Class II obesity4631.3 (1.2, 1.4)Class III obesity760.2 (0.16, 0.25)Obesity (BMI ≥30)394710.8 (10.5, 11.1)
3.3 Risk elements
Age-adjusted BMI was strongly correlated with weight (r = .92), neck circumference (r = .68), age (r = .12), systolic (r = .28), and diastolic BP (r = .23), ldl cholesterol (r = .17), triglyceride (r = .22), hemoglobin (r = .13), hematocrite (r = .11), and FPG (r = .14), and unfavourable correlation with every day cigarette consumption (r = −.10) (P < .001).
As anticipated, the prevalence of chubby and weight problems elevated and the prevalence of underweight decreased with age (P < .001). The age-adjusted prevalence of chubby and weight problems elevated with period of driving, and was current in 35.0% (95% CI 33.8, 36.2) and 9.2% (95% CI: 8.4, 9.9) of drivers with driving period lower than 5 years and in 43.2% (95% CI: 42.4, 44.0) and 12.2% (95% CI: 11.7, 12.8) of these with driving period ≥15 years. After age adjustment, this distinction was statistically important (P < .001) (Table 3).
TABLE 3
Univariate evaluation of age-adjusted imply (commonplace error [SEM]) physique mass index and prevalence (%) of underweight, fascinating weight, chubby, and weight problems in 36 625 male drivers in response to chosen traits, Iran
.
. Weight categorya
. Variables
. Mean (SE)
. Underweight (%)
. Age-adjusted OR (95% CI)
. Overweight (%)
. Age-adjusted OR (95% CI)
. Obesity (%)
. Age-adjusted OR (95% CI)
. Age at registration (y) <3027.7 (0.04)5.41.0028.71.007.91.00 30-3935.2 (0.03)2.60.59 (0.50, 0.69)***38.21.59 (1.48, 1.71)***10.71.62 (1.45, 1.83)*** 40-4945.2 (0.03)2.10.52 (0.44, 0.62)***42.61.98 (1.85, 2.13)***11.82.01 (1.79, 2.26)*** 50-5955.0 (0.03)1.70.42 (0.39, 0.52)***42.81.97 (1.82, 2.12)***11.51.94 (1.71, 2.19)*** 6063.7 (0.08)1.90.46 (0.29, 0.72)**42.01.87 (1.63, 2.16)***10.71.74 (1.39, 2.18)***Duration of labor (y) <55.0 (0.06)3.41.0035.01.009.21.00 5-99.6 (0.05)2.90.91 (0.74, 1.12)37.41.12 (1.04, 1.21)**9.61.10 (0.97, 1.24) 10-1513.4 (0.05)2.30.87 (0.70, 1.07)39.41.20(1.12,1.30)***11.01.31 (1.16,1.48)*** 1522.9 (0.04)2.01.12 (0.88, 1.41)43.21.33 (1.23, 1.44)***12.21.53 (1.35, 1.73)***Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) <10087.2 (0.07)3.11.0037.11.009.61.00 100-125109.2 (0.12)1.60.74 (0.61, 0.89)**44.21.38 (1.31, 1.46)***13.71.69 (1.56, 1.83)*** ≥126180.9 (0.38)0.30.20 (0.05, 0.82)*51.22.09 (1.76, 2.47)***20.43.35 (2.71, 4.14)***Smoking (%) Never smoker89.181.51.0090.71.0090.61.00 Current smoker10.918.51.78 (1.50, 2.10)***9.30.73 (0.68, 0.79)***9.40.73 (0.65, 0.82)***Systolic BP (mmHg) <140116.5 (0.05)2.71.0038.81.0010.41.00 ≥140150.9 (0.29)0.90.80 (0.42, 1.51)48.31.72 (1.49, 1.98)***22.53.14 (2.64, 3.73)***Diastolic BP (mmHg) <9075.1 (0.04)2.81.0038.71.0010.71.00 ≥9096.4 (0.68)1.00.86 (0.12, 6.34)40.21.56 (0.96, 2.54)32.44.61 (2.76, 7.70)***Triglyceride (mg/dL) <150126.6 (0.46)4.61.0032.41.008.11.00 ≥150214.2 (0.38)1.40.42 (0.36, 0.48)***43.61.68 (1.60, 1.76)***12.61.94 (1.80, 2.09)***Cholesterol (mg/dL) <190157.9 (0.14)3.61.0036.31.009.41.00 ≥190216.4 (0.20)0.90.34 (0.28, 0.42)***44.41.44 (1.37, 1.51)***13.51.69 (1.58, 1.82)***
.
. Weight categorya
. Variables
. Mean (SE)
. Underweight (%)
. Age-adjusted OR (95% CI)
. Overweight (%)
. Age-adjusted OR (95% CI)
. Obesity (%)
. Age-adjusted OR (95% CI)
. Age at registration (y) <3027.7 (0.04)5.41.0028.71.007.91.00 30-3935.2 (0.03)2.60.59 (0.50, 0.69)***38.21.59 (1.48, 1.71)***10.71.62 (1.45, 1.83)*** 40-4945.2 (0.03)2.10.52 (0.44, 0.62)***42.61.98 (1.85, 2.13)***11.82.01 (1.79, 2.26)*** 50-5955.0 (0.03)1.70.42 (0.39, 0.52)***42.81.97 (1.82, 2.12)***11.51.94 (1.71, 2.19)*** 6063.7 (0.08)1.90.46 (0.29, 0.72)**42.01.87 (1.63, 2.16)***10.71.74 (1.39, 2.18)***Duration of labor (y) <55.0 (0.06)3.41.0035.01.009.21.00 5-99.6 (0.05)2.90.91 (0.74, 1.12)37.41.12 (1.04, 1.21)**9.61.10 (0.97, 1.24) 10-1513.4 (0.05)2.30.87 (0.70, 1.07)39.41.20(1.12,1.30)***11.01.31 (1.16,1.48)*** 1522.9 (0.04)2.01.12 (0.88, 1.41)43.21.33 (1.23, 1.44)***12.21.53 (1.35, 1.73)***Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) <10087.2 (0.07)3.11.0037.11.009.61.00 100-125109.2 (0.12)1.60.74 (0.61, 0.89)**44.21.38 (1.31, 1.46)***13.71.69 (1.56, 1.83)*** ≥126180.9 (0.38)0.30.20 (0.05, 0.82)*51.22.09 (1.76, 2.47)***20.43.35 (2.71, 4.14)***Smoking (%) Never smoker89.181.51.0090.71.0090.61.00 Current smoker10.918.51.78 (1.50, 2.10)***9.30.73 (0.68, 0.79)***9.40.73 (0.65, 0.82)***Systolic BP (mmHg) <140116.5 (0.05)2.71.0038.81.0010.41.00 ≥140150.9 (0.29)0.90.80 (0.42, 1.51)48.31.72 (1.49, 1.98)***22.53.14 (2.64, 3.73)***Diastolic BP (mmHg) <9075.1 (0.04)2.81.0038.71.0010.71.00 ≥9096.4 (0.68)1.00.86 (0.12, 6.34)40.21.56 (0.96, 2.54)32.44.61 (2.76, 7.70)***Triglyceride (mg/dL) <150126.6 (0.46)4.61.0032.41.008.11.00 ≥150214.2 (0.38)1.40.42 (0.36, 0.48)***43.61.68 (1.60, 1.76)***12.61.94 (1.80, 2.09)***Cholesterol (mg/dL) <190157.9 (0.14)3.61.0036.31.009.41.00 ≥190216.4 (0.20)0.90.34 (0.28, 0.42)***44.41.44 (1.37, 1.51)***13.51.69 (1.58, 1.82)***TABLE 3
Univariate evaluation of age-adjusted imply (commonplace error [SEM]) physique mass index and prevalence (%) of underweight, fascinating weight, chubby, and weight problems in 36 625 male drivers in response to chosen traits, Iran
.
. Weight categorya
. Variables
. Mean (SE)
. Underweight (%)
. Age-adjusted OR (95% CI)
. Overweight (%)
. Age-adjusted OR (95% CI)
. Obesity (%)
. Age-adjusted OR (95% CI)
. Age at registration (y) <3027.7 (0.04)5.41.0028.71.007.91.00 30-3935.2 (0.03)2.60.59 (0.50, 0.69)***38.21.59 (1.48, 1.71)***10.71.62 (1.45, 1.83)*** 40-4945.2 (0.03)2.10.52 (0.44, 0.62)***42.61.98 (1.85, 2.13)***11.82.01 (1.79, 2.26)*** 50-5955.0 (0.03)1.70.42 (0.39, 0.52)***42.81.97 (1.82, 2.12)***11.51.94 (1.71, 2.19)*** 6063.7 (0.08)1.90.46 (0.29, 0.72)**42.01.87 (1.63, 2.16)***10.71.74 (1.39, 2.18)***Duration of labor (y) <55.0 (0.06)3.41.0035.01.009.21.00 5-99.6 (0.05)2.90.91 (0.74, 1.12)37.41.12 (1.04, 1.21)**9.61.10 (0.97, 1.24) 10-1513.4 (0.05)2.30.87 (0.70, 1.07)39.41.20(1.12,1.30)***11.01.31 (1.16,1.48)*** 1522.9 (0.04)2.01.12 (0.88, 1.41)43.21.33 (1.23, 1.44)***12.21.53 (1.35, 1.73)***Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) <10087.2 (0.07)3.11.0037.11.009.61.00 100-125109.2 (0.12)1.60.74 (0.61, 0.89)**44.21.38 (1.31, 1.46)***13.71.69 (1.56, 1.83)*** ≥126180.9 (0.38)0.30.20 (0.05, 0.82)*51.22.09 (1.76, 2.47)***20.43.35 (2.71, 4.14)***Smoking (%) Never smoker89.181.51.0090.71.0090.61.00 Current smoker10.918.51.78 (1.50, 2.10)***9.30.73 (0.68, 0.79)***9.40.73 (0.65, 0.82)***Systolic BP (mmHg) <140116.5 (0.05)2.71.0038.81.0010.41.00 ≥140150.9 (0.29)0.90.80 (0.42, 1.51)48.31.72 (1.49, 1.98)***22.53.14 (2.64, 3.73)***Diastolic BP (mmHg) <9075.1 (0.04)2.81.0038.71.0010.71.00 ≥9096.4 (0.68)1.00.86 (0.12, 6.34)40.21.56 (0.96, 2.54)32.44.61 (2.76, 7.70)***Triglyceride (mg/dL) <150126.6 (0.46)4.61.0032.41.008.11.00 ≥150214.2 (0.38)1.40.42 (0.36, 0.48)***43.61.68 (1.60, 1.76)***12.61.94 (1.80, 2.09)***Cholesterol (mg/dL) <190157.9 (0.14)3.61.0036.31.009.41.00 ≥190216.4 (0.20)0.90.34 (0.28, 0.42)***44.41.44 (1.37, 1.51)***13.51.69 (1.58, 1.82)***
.
. Weight categorya
. Variables
. Mean (SE)
. Underweight (%)
. Age-adjusted OR (95% CI)
. Overweight (%)
. Age-adjusted OR (95% CI)
. Obesity (%)
. Age-adjusted OR (95% CI)
. Age at registration (y) <3027.7 (0.04)5.41.0028.71.007.91.00 30-3935.2 (0.03)2.60.59 (0.50, 0.69)***38.21.59 (1.48, 1.71)***10.71.62 (1.45, 1.83)*** 40-4945.2 (0.03)2.10.52 (0.44, 0.62)***42.61.98 (1.85, 2.13)***11.82.01 (1.79, 2.26)*** 50-5955.0 (0.03)1.70.42 (0.39, 0.52)***42.81.97 (1.82, 2.12)***11.51.94 (1.71, 2.19)*** 6063.7 (0.08)1.90.46 (0.29, 0.72)**42.01.87 (1.63, 2.16)***10.71.74 (1.39, 2.18)***Duration of labor (y) <55.0 (0.06)3.41.0035.01.009.21.00 5-99.6 (0.05)2.90.91 (0.74, 1.12)37.41.12 (1.04, 1.21)**9.61.10 (0.97, 1.24) 10-1513.4 (0.05)2.30.87 (0.70, 1.07)39.41.20(1.12,1.30)***11.01.31 (1.16,1.48)*** 1522.9 (0.04)2.01.12 (0.88, 1.41)43.21.33 (1.23, 1.44)***12.21.53 (1.35, 1.73)***Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) <10087.2 (0.07)3.11.0037.11.009.61.00 100-125109.2 (0.12)1.60.74 (0.61, 0.89)**44.21.38 (1.31, 1.46)***13.71.69 (1.56, 1.83)*** ≥126180.9 (0.38)0.30.20 (0.05, 0.82)*51.22.09 (1.76, 2.47)***20.43.35 (2.71, 4.14)***Smoking (%) Never smoker89.181.51.0090.71.0090.61.00 Current smoker10.918.51.78 (1.50, 2.10)***9.30.73 (0.68, 0.79)***9.40.73 (0.65, 0.82)***Systolic BP (mmHg) <140116.5 (0.05)2.71.0038.81.0010.41.00 ≥140150.9 (0.29)0.90.80 (0.42, 1.51)48.31.72 (1.49, 1.98)***22.53.14 (2.64, 3.73)***Diastolic BP (mmHg) <9075.1 (0.04)2.81.0038.71.0010.71.00 ≥9096.4 (0.68)1.00.86 (0.12, 6.34)40.21.56 (0.96, 2.54)32.44.61 (2.76, 7.70)***Triglyceride (mg/dL) <150126.6 (0.46)4.61.0032.41.008.11.00 ≥150214.2 (0.38)1.40.42 (0.36, 0.48)***43.61.68 (1.60, 1.76)***12.61.94 (1.80, 2.09)***Cholesterol (mg/dL) <190157.9 (0.14)3.61.0036.31.009.41.00 ≥190216.4 (0.20)0.90.34 (0.28, 0.42)***44.41.44 (1.37, 1.51)***13.51.69 (1.58, 1.82)***
To decide the unbiased associations of the prevalence of underweight, chubby, and weight problems, a ahead stepwise binary logistic regression was carried out to check 7 variables: age, period of driving, systolic BP, FPG, ldl cholesterol, triglyceride, and smoking. Underweight drivers had been extra seemingly than these of fascinating weight to be youthful, to smoke, to have decrease FPG, ldl cholesterol, and triglyceride. Overweight and overweight drivers had been extra seemingly than these of fascinating weight to have a better period {of professional} driving, FPG, systolic BP, triglyceride, and ldl cholesterol. Desirable weight drivers had been extra seemingly than these of chubby/weight problems to be a smoker. As anticipated there was a statistically important interplay between age and period of driving (Table 4).
TABLE 4
Multivariate evaluation of things associated to prevalence of underweight (BMI <18.5), chubby (BMI 25-29.9), and weight problems (BMI ≥30) (stepwise binary logistic regression mannequin), important adjusted odds ratios (95% CI)
Variables
. Underweight
. Overweight
. Obesity
. Age at registration (y) <301.001.001.00 30-390.69 (0.57, 0.84)***1.40 (1.29, 1.52)***1.35 (1.18, 1.55)*** 40-490.69 (0.57, 0.85)***1.50 (1.37, 1.64)***1.28 (1.10, 1.49)** 50-590.60 (0.48, 0.77)***1.32 (1.20, 1.46)***1.01 (0.85, 1.19) 600.72 (0.45, 1.14)1.17 (0.99, 1.37)0.77 (0.59, 1.00)*Duration of labor (y) <51.001.001.00 5-9—1.07 (0.98, 1.15)1.02 (0.90, 1.16) 10-15—1.09 (1.004, 1.18)*1.18 (1.04, 1.34)* 15—1.22 (1.13, 1.32)***1.37 (1.21, 1.55)***Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) <1001.001.001.00 100-1250.81 (0.67, 0.98)*1.33 (1.26, 1.41)***1.55 (1.43, 1.69)*** ≥1260.23 (0.06, 0.93)*1.99 (1.67, 2.37)***3.07 (2.47, 3.83)***Smoking Non-smokers1.01.001.00 Current smokers1.90 (1.58, 2.28)***0.69 (0.64, 0.75)***0.68 (0.60, 0.77)***Systolic BP (mmHg) <1401.001.001.00 ≥140—1.81 (1.56, 2.09)***3.10 (2.58, 3.71)***Triglyceride (mg/dL) <1501.001.001.00 ≥1500.49 (0.42, 0.57)***1.51 (1.44, 1.59)***1.64 (1.51, 1.78)***Cholesterol (mg/dL) <1901.01.001.00 ≥1900.46 (0.37, 0.57)***1.19 (1.13, 1.26)***1.33 (1.23, 1.44)***Variables
. Underweight
. Overweight
. Obesity
. Age at registration (y) <301.001.001.00 30-390.69 (0.57, 0.84)***1.40 (1.29, 1.52)***1.35 (1.18, 1.55)*** 40-490.69 (0.57, 0.85)***1.50 (1.37, 1.64)***1.28 (1.10, 1.49)** 50-590.60 (0.48, 0.77)***1.32 (1.20, 1.46)***1.01 (0.85, 1.19) 600.72 (0.45, 1.14)1.17 (0.99, 1.37)0.77 (0.59, 1.00)*Duration of labor (y) <51.001.001.00 5-9—1.07 (0.98, 1.15)1.02 (0.90, 1.16) 10-15—1.09 (1.004, 1.18)*1.18 (1.04, 1.34)* 15—1.22 (1.13, 1.32)***1.37 (1.21, 1.55)***Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) <1001.001.001.00 100-1250.81 (0.67, 0.98)*1.33 (1.26, 1.41)***1.55 (1.43, 1.69)*** ≥1260.23 (0.06, 0.93)*1.99 (1.67, 2.37)***3.07 (2.47, 3.83)***Smoking Non-smokers1.01.001.00 Current smokers1.90 (1.58, 2.28)***0.69 (0.64, 0.75)***0.68 (0.60, 0.77)***Systolic BP (mmHg) <1401.001.001.00 ≥140—1.81 (1.56, 2.09)***3.10 (2.58, 3.71)***Triglyceride (mg/dL) <1501.001.001.00 ≥1500.49 (0.42, 0.57)***1.51 (1.44, 1.59)***1.64 (1.51, 1.78)***Cholesterol (mg/dL) <1901.01.001.00 ≥1900.46 (0.37, 0.57)***1.19 (1.13, 1.26)***1.33 (1.23, 1.44)***TABLE 4
Multivariate evaluation of things associated to prevalence of underweight (BMI <18.5), chubby (BMI 25-29.9), and weight problems (BMI ≥30) (stepwise binary logistic regression mannequin), important adjusted odds ratios (95% CI)
Variables
. Underweight
. Overweight
. Obesity
. Age at registration (y) <301.001.001.00 30-390.69 (0.57, 0.84)***1.40 (1.29, 1.52)***1.35 (1.18, 1.55)*** 40-490.69 (0.57, 0.85)***1.50 (1.37, 1.64)***1.28 (1.10, 1.49)** 50-590.60 (0.48, 0.77)***1.32 (1.20, 1.46)***1.01 (0.85, 1.19) 600.72 (0.45, 1.14)1.17 (0.99, 1.37)0.77 (0.59, 1.00)*Duration of labor (y) <51.001.001.00 5-9—1.07 (0.98, 1.15)1.02 (0.90, 1.16) 10-15—1.09 (1.004, 1.18)*1.18 (1.04, 1.34)* 15—1.22 (1.13, 1.32)***1.37 (1.21, 1.55)***Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) <1001.001.001.00 100-1250.81 (0.67, 0.98)*1.33 (1.26, 1.41)***1.55 (1.43, 1.69)*** ≥1260.23 (0.06, 0.93)*1.99 (1.67, 2.37)***3.07 (2.47, 3.83)***Smoking Non-smokers1.01.001.00 Current smokers1.90 (1.58, 2.28)***0.69 (0.64, 0.75)***0.68 (0.60, 0.77)***Systolic BP (mmHg) <1401.001.001.00 ≥140—1.81 (1.56, 2.09)***3.10 (2.58, 3.71)***Triglyceride (mg/dL) <1501.001.001.00 ≥1500.49 (0.42, 0.57)***1.51 (1.44, 1.59)***1.64 (1.51, 1.78)***Cholesterol (mg/dL) <1901.01.001.00 ≥1900.46 (0.37, 0.57)***1.19 (1.13, 1.26)***1.33 (1.23, 1.44)***Variables
. Underweight
. Overweight
. Obesity
. Age at registration (y) <301.001.001.00 30-390.69 (0.57, 0.84)***1.40 (1.29, 1.52)***1.35 (1.18, 1.55)*** 40-490.69 (0.57, 0.85)***1.50 (1.37, 1.64)***1.28 (1.10, 1.49)** 50-590.60 (0.48, 0.77)***1.32 (1.20, 1.46)***1.01 (0.85, 1.19) 600.72 (0.45, 1.14)1.17 (0.99, 1.37)0.77 (0.59, 1.00)*Duration of labor (y) <51.001.001.00 5-9—1.07 (0.98, 1.15)1.02 (0.90, 1.16) 10-15—1.09 (1.004, 1.18)*1.18 (1.04, 1.34)* 15—1.22 (1.13, 1.32)***1.37 (1.21, 1.55)***Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) <1001.001.001.00 100-1250.81 (0.67, 0.98)*1.33 (1.26, 1.41)***1.55 (1.43, 1.69)*** ≥1260.23 (0.06, 0.93)*1.99 (1.67, 2.37)***3.07 (2.47, 3.83)***Smoking Non-smokers1.01.001.00 Current smokers1.90 (1.58, 2.28)***0.69 (0.64, 0.75)***0.68 (0.60, 0.77)***Systolic BP (mmHg) <1401.001.001.00 ≥140—1.81 (1.56, 2.09)***3.10 (2.58, 3.71)***Triglyceride (mg/dL) <1501.001.001.00 ≥1500.49 (0.42, 0.57)***1.51 (1.44, 1.59)***1.64 (1.51, 1.78)***Cholesterol (mg/dL) <1901.01.001.00 ≥1900.46 (0.37, 0.57)***1.19 (1.13, 1.26)***1.33 (1.23, 1.44)***
4 DISCUSSION
In this examine of 36 625 male long-distance skilled drivers, we discovered an general prevalence of chubby and weight problems of 39.1% and 10.8%. In distinction, underweight has a low prevalence (2.7% of drivers current BMI values decrease than 18.5). The outcomes of this examine exhibit that chubby and weight problems among the many long-distance skilled drivers in Iran look like much like the identical age and gender group within the normal inhabitants, as about half of the long-distance skilled drivers (49.9%) was characterised as chubby or overweight. According to the WHO report, about 50% of the Iranian grownup inhabitants are chubby or overweight.14 In 2016, 39% of Iranian males aged >18 years had been chubby and about 11% had been overweight.15 The prevalence of underweight amongst males in Iran is 6.3%.16 Similar to this examine, the imply BMI for Iranian males is 25.3 kg/m2.17 A couple of research have investigated chubby and weight problems or its associated elements in long-distance skilled drivers. The prevalence of chubby and weight problems amongst Brazilian truck drivers was 47.8% and 16.2percent4 and in an Israeli examine was 37.5% and 15%.5 Another Brazilian examine additionally reported a excessive prevalence fee of chubby and weight problems: 57.5% of the inhabitants of bus drivers was chubby and roughly 19.5% was overweight.18 In an Italian examine 61% {of professional} drivers had been both chubby or overweight.19 In one examine carried out in Poland, this fee was 62percent20 and in one other examine in Mexico, it was reported to be 75.2%.21 In the United States, the prevalence of weight problems amongst male workers who work as motorized vehicle operators was discovered to be 31.7percent6 and if we take into account the information from a nationwide survey carried out in 2010 among the many US long-haul truck drivers, 69% had been overweight and 17% drivers had been morbidly overweight (BMI >40 kg/m2).2 The prevalence of chubby and weight problems in long-distance skilled drivers in Iran is decrease than the values reported in Brazil,4 Israel,5 Italy,19 Poland,20 and India, confirmed 43.3% of drivers had been chubby and 22.2% had been overweight,22 and specifically the United States.2,6 Estimates of the prevalence of chubby and weight problems will depend on methodological elements, the definition of weight problems used, and the composition of the neighborhood examined by age, gender, ethnicity, and social class, making comparisons between research of restricted values.
The prevalence and sample of weight problems differ considerably from nation to nation,14 and its present prevalence (BMI ≥30) among the many normal inhabitants ranges from as little as <2% in sure Asian and African nations (Ethiopia, Bangladesh, Nepal, Eritrea, and Madagascar) to as excessive as >61% in Nauru.15
Considering the working surroundings of long-distance skilled drivers (lack of entry to bodily exercise resulting from working in a hard and fast place and unhealthy consuming, irregular working hours, and irregular sleep habits, sitting for lengthy durations, and extended stress), it’s anticipated that their weight can be greater than the overall inhabitants. Several research in numerous nations additionally reported a comparatively excessive prevalence of chubby and weight problems amongst skilled drivers.2,4–6,18–20 However, in our examine skilled drivers had been males, youthful, and assumed to be extra lively than normal inhabitants. The purpose for the noticed distinction in chubby and weight problems could be claimed to be the distinction within the age, gender, ethnicity, dietary habits, and smoking. Iranian skilled drivers are heavy people who smoke and infrequently drink alcohol resulting from non secular believes. The causes for much less threat of chubby/weight problems in skilled drivers in Iran have to be additional studied.
Univariate evaluation (Table 3) exhibits an anticipated sample of affiliation for a lot of variables with underweight, chubby, and weight problems. In multivariate evaluation fewer stays independently related.
Duration of driving was related to the prevalence of chubby and weight problems. When adjusting for different threat elements by multivariate evaluation, period of driving was a major threat issue for each chubby and weight problems. But there was statistically important interplay between age and period of driving and results of each variables haven’t been unbiased. This affiliation was additionally seen in a Colombian19 and Italian7 examine that discovered a constructive affiliation between time spent touring in motor automobiles per week and chubby and belly weight problems.
Consistent with prior research within the normal inhabitants,23–26 the current examine discovered equally rising the prevalence of chubby and weight problems with rising age in a long-distance skilled driver inhabitants.
In univariate evaluation, blood glucose was related to a major enhance within the threat. After age adjustment, the extent of hyperglycemia, as measured by one fasting blood glucose, had a constructive affiliation with chubby and weight problems and unfavourable affiliation with underweight. After adjustment for different covariates within the multivariate evaluation, the extent of fasting glucose was important.
The impact of BP on the chance of chubby and weight problems is a crucial however tough challenge as a result of BP rises as BMI and age enhance.
A excessive proportion of the drivers on this examine smoked, and smoking was inversely associated to chubby/weight problems. The unfavourable affiliation between smoking and chubby and weight problems is perhaps partly resulting from its results on the metabolic fee, power consumption and storage, and power expenditure.27,28 Although a higher threat of extra weight is discovered amongst non-smokers, many research have proven that smoking has a bigger impression on morbidity and mortality than any small enhance in BMI.29,30
Another discovering that requires additional elaboration is the excessive prevalence of dyslipidemia in male long-distance skilled drivers. Conflicting outcomes have been noticed in numerous research. In Sweden, 440 skilled bus and truck drivers had been in contrast with a management group of 1000 topics. It didn’t present variations in whole ldl cholesterol, HDL-C, and triglycerides.31 On the opposite hand, outcomes of the examine carried out in Serbia confirmed that 79% of the drivers suffered from dyslipidemia32 and 35.7% of bus drivers in Brazil had been discovered to have hypercholesterolemia.18 The examine centered on long-haul truck drivers within the United States confirmed that 22% had been taking drugs for or had been informed that they had excessive ldl cholesterol.2 A examine in Poland confirmed that in a non-selected group of European skilled drivers, lipid abnormalities, and extra weight are extremely prevalent.33 A complete proportion of 72.2 of the studied inhabitants had LDL stage >115 mg/dL, and abnormally low ranges of HDL-C had been present in 84.4% of drivers. Sixty proportion of our examine drivers had triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL and ldl cholesterol ≥190 was present in 34.7% of drivers.
Despite the above limitations, the findings right here add to our understanding of the epidemiology of underweight, chubby, and weight problems in long-distance skilled drives in Iran.
In abstract, chubby and weight problems are prevalent in Iranian long-distance skilled drivers and chubby, and weight problems in long-distance skilled drivers seems to be much like the overall inhabitants. With an estimated prevalence of about 50%, chubby and weight problems clearly pose a formidable well being menace to Iranian long-distance skilled drivers, which want extra applications of well being promotion and way of life adjustments. Further efforts are wanted to scale back the burden of underweight, chubby, and weight problems in skilled drivers.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to the Salamatgostar Apadana Co., Occupational Health Center, for offering information and their persevering with dedication to the examine.
DISCLOSURE
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
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