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The Iran Update supplies insights into Iranian and Iranian-sponsored actions overseas that undermine regional stability and threaten US forces and pursuits. It additionally covers occasions and developments that have an effect on the steadiness and decision-making of the Iranian regime. The Critical Threats Project (CTP) on the American Enterprise Institute and the Institute for the Study of War (ISW) supplies these updates commonly primarily based on regional occasions. For extra on developments in Iran and the area, see our interactive map of Iran and the Middle East.
Click right here to see CTP and ISW’s interactive map of Israeli floor operations. This map is up to date every day alongside the static maps current on this report.
Key Takeaways:
- Members of the Israeli coverage neighborhood have expressed issues in latest days that Iran’s so-called “Axis of Resistance” has constructed the potential to assault Israel from the West Bank and Lebanon along with the Gaza Strip. These issues are according to Iranian leaders’ intent to threaten Israel and its inhabitants from a number of totally different instructions concurrently and thereby drive residents away from dwelling in Israel.
- Israel and Hamas prolonged the humanitarian pause settlement for an extra day, that means that the pause is about to run out on December 1 at 0000 EST. Israel and Hamas accomplished the seventh swap of hostages within the Gaza Strip for Israeli-held Palestinian and Arab-Israeli prisoners on November 30 in accordance with the humanitarian pause settlement.
- Israeli officers are emphasizing their continued dedication to destroying Hamas and their rapid navy readiness. Hamas is signaling its preparedness for additional preventing as nicely.
- Palestinian fighters performed 9 assaults concentrating on Israeli forces within the West Bank. Hamas performed a capturing assault concentrating on Israeli civilians in Jerusalem as nicely.
- Members of the Axis of Resistance threatened to renew their regional assaults on US and Israeli targets if Israel resumes navy operations within the Gaza Strip after the humanitarian pause ends.
- An explosion occurred at a Houthi navy facility in Sanaa, Yemen. The Houthis have claimed duty for a number of assaults on Israel and Israeli-owned tankers within the Red Sea all through the Israel-Hamas warfare.
Members of the Israeli coverage neighborhood have expressed issues in latest days that Iran’s so-called “Axis of Resistance” has constructed the potential to assault Israel from the West Bank and Lebanon along with the Gaza Strip. An Israeli assume tank revealed an article on November 29 describing the danger of a Lebanese Hezbollah (LH) floor assault into northern Israel in a manner just like Hamas’ October 7 assault.[i] The article said that LH “poses a major problem for the IDF and nonetheless poses a transparent and current hazard.” Mark Regev—a senior adviser to the Israeli prime minister—equally warned on November 30 that Hamas seeks to assault Israeli targets inside and from the West Bank.[ii] Regev expressed concern that Hamas may conduct an escalation from the West Bank into Israel just like Hamas’ October 7 assault. CTP-ISW has reported extensively on how Iran has invested in constructing navy capabilities and infrastructure within the West Bank in latest months.[iii]
These issues are according to Iranian leaders’ intent to threaten Israel and its inhabitants from a number of totally different instructions concurrently and thereby drive residents away from dwelling in Israel. Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) Commander Major General Hossein Salami advocated for LH and Palestinian militia floor assaults into Israel throughout an interview with Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei’s web site in August 2022.[iv] Salami argued that such assaults would stoke inner chaos and facilitate migration away from Israel. Iran’s protection minister, Brigadier General Mohammad Reza Gharaei Ashtiani, extra just lately boasted on November 18 that Hamas’ October 7 assault has diminished migration to Israel by creating financial, political, and safety crises for the nation.[v]
Gaza Strip
Axis of Resistance marketing campaign aims:
- Erode the need of the Israeli political institution and public to launch and maintain a serious floor operation into the Gaza Strip
- Degrade IDF materials and morale across the Gaza Strip.
Israel and Hamas prolonged the humanitarian pause settlement for an extra day, that means that the pause is about to run out on December 1 at 0000 EST. Israel, Hamas, and Qatar confirmed the extension late on November 29.[vi] The Qatari Foreign Affairs Ministry said the extension consists of the identical situations because the earlier pause settlement, which contain a cessation of all navy actions and the entry of humanitarian support into the Gaza Strip.[vii] No additional extension was introduced on the time of this writing.
Israel and Hamas accomplished the seventh swap of hostages within the Gaza Strip for Israeli-held Palestinian and Arab-Israeli prisoners on November 30 in accordance with the humanitarian pause settlement. Hamas launched eight Israeli hostages to the Red Cross on November 30.[viii] The settlement stipulates that Hamas should launch ten hostages to increase the pause an extra day, however Israel agreed to depend two of the hostages whom Hamas launched yesterday as a part of the latest ten.[ix] Hamas beforehand launched 12 Israelis on November 29, together with two twin Israeli-Russian residents by way of a separate negotiation course of with Russia.[x] The al Qassem Brigades—the militant wing of Hamas— mentioned that it launched the Russian residents as an indication of appreciation for Russian President Vladimir Putin’s assist for Palestine.[xi] Israel launched 22 Palestinian youth and eight Arab-Israel girls from detention on November 30.[xii]
Israeli officers are emphasizing their continued dedication to destroying Hamas and their rapid navy readiness. Hamas is signaling its preparedness for additional preventing as nicely. The IDF spokesperson said on November 30 that the IDF is able to resume the preventing and is ready to assault at any hour, together with the evening of November 30, if the pause isn’t renewed for an additional day.[xiii] Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant said that Israel will take so long as wanted to win the warfare within the Gaza Strip towards Hamas in a gathering with US Secretary of State Antony Blinken.[xiv] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu equally reiterated his oath to eradicate Hamas, saying that “nothing will cease us” after his assembly with Blinken.[xv] Netanyahu additionally spoke to Blinken in regards to the “subsequent part” of preventing.[xvi] The al Qassem Brigades issued on Telegram a warning to its fighters to be on excessive alert on the night of November 29 earlier than Israel and Hamas renewed the pause.[xvii] Hamas doesn’t ordinarily subject orders to its fighters on this public channel, suggesting the assertion was meant to message Hamas’ navy readiness.
The United Nations confirmed that 10,500 liters of gasoline reached two northern Gaza Strip hospitals on November 29.[xviii] The Palestinian Red Crescent Society and UNRWA delivered medical provides and gasoline to al Ahli hospital and al Sahaba hospital. This gasoline will function the hospitals’ mills for a few week. The United Nations famous the shortage of gasoline within the northern Gaza Strip is disrupting water filtration vegetation, nonetheless. The Gazan Health Ministry director said on November 30 that that gasoline had not reached hospitals in Gaza metropolis and the northern components of the strip, which is stopping hospitals from resuming their full operations, in keeping with Lebanese Hezbollah-affiliated media.[xix]
NOTE: The IDF has mentioned that its forces are stationed alongside ceasefire strains throughout the Gaza Strip throughout the pause in preventing. CTP-ISW’s map of Israeli clearing operations reveals reported Israeli clearing operations and the claimed furthest Israeli advances. CTP-ISW is not going to be mapping the shift in Israeli working areas throughout the humanitarian pause.
The IDF reported that it intercepted a “suspicious goal” exterior the Gaza Strip over Netivot on November 30.[xx] Israel incessantly makes use of the time period “suspicious goal” to seek advice from direct and oblique fireplace assaults into Israeli territory. Israel has not confirmed from the place the goal originated and mentioned that the occasion is below investigation. No group claimed the assault. Palestinian militias had not performed oblique fireplace assaults into Israel from the Gaza Strip because the humanitarian pause started on November 24.[xxi]
West Bank
Axis of Resistance marketing campaign aims:
- Draw IDF property and sources towards the West Bank and repair them there
Palestinian fighters performed 9 assaults concentrating on Israeli forces within the West Bank on November 30.[xxii] The al Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigades—the self-proclaimed militant wing of Fatah—engaged Israeli forces in three small arms clashes in Qalaqiya, Tubas, and Tulkarm.[xxiii] The al Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigades additionally detonated an IED concentrating on Israeli forces throughout an Israeli raid within the Tulkarm refugee camp. The al Quds Brigades individually detonated an IED on Israeli forces in Tubas.[xxiv]
Hamas performed a capturing assault concentrating on Israeli civilians in Jerusalem on November 30.[xxv] Two Hamas gunmen fired on Israeli civilians at a bus cease close to an entrance to town earlier than off-duty Israeli troopers and an armed civilian killed the gunmen.[xxvi] The Hamas assault killed three Israeli civilians and wounded no less than eight others. The assault doesn’t signify a technical violation of the humanitarian pause, which seems to use solely to the Gaza Strip primarily based on statements made by Israel, Hamas, and Qatar. Hamas praised the attackers and mentioned that the assault was in response to Israeli violations and ”massacres” within the Gaza Strip and West Bank and Israel’s remedy of Palestinian prisoners.[xxvii] Hamas additionally known as for an ”escalation of resistance” towards Israel with out specifying additional. The al Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigades, al Quds Brigades, and Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine celebrated the assault and reiterated the unity of their fighters with each other.[xxviii]
This map isn’t an exhaustive depiction of clashes and demonstrations within the West Bank.
Southern Lebanon and Golan Heights
Axis of Resistance marketing campaign aims:
- Draw IDF property and sources towards northern Israel and repair them there
- Set situations for successive campaigns into northern Israel
LH and different Iranian-backed militias didn’t declare any assaults into northern Israel on November 30. The IDF intercepted an unspecified “aerial goal” that crossed from Lebanon into Israeli territory on November 30.[xxix] No group claimed duty for the unspecified ”aerial goal”.
Iran and Axis of Resistance
Axis of Resistance marketing campaign aims:
- Demonstrate the potential and willingness of Iran and the Axis of Resistance to escalate towards the United States and Israel on a number of fronts
- Set situations to battle a regional warfare on a number of fronts
Members of the Axis of Resistance threatened on November 30 to renew their regional assaults on US and Israeli targets if Israel resumes navy operations within the Gaza Strip after the humanitarian pause ends. The Axis of Resistance—doubtless below Iranian path—has performed dozens of assaults towards US and Israeli targets throughout the Middle East because the warfare started however largely stopped these assaults because the pause started on November 24. The Axis of Resistance has continued to assault and seize Israeli-operated tankers on this interval, nonetheless.
- The Islamic Resistance in Iraq—a coalition of Iranian-backed Iraqi militias—said that it’ll escalate towards the United States inside and out of doors Iraq if Israel resumes operations within the Gaza Strip. This assertion is according to the threats that its constituent militias have made towards the United States in latest days.[xxx] The Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed 74 assaults on US positions in Iraq and Syria between October 18 and November 23. Neither the Islamic Resistance in Iraq nor any of its affiliated militias have claimed any assaults on US forces because the pause took impact within the Gaza Strip on November 24.[xxxi]
- The Houthi motion navy spokesperson mentioned on November 30 that the Houthis are able to resume navy operations towards Israel if Israel resumes operations within the Gaza Strip.[xxxii] Houthi Ambassador to Iran Ebrahim al Daylami mentioned in a gathering with Iranian Foreign Affairs Minister Hossein Amir Abdollahian in Tehran on November 30 that the choice to focus on Israel and Israeli property within the Red Sea is supposed to defend the folks of the Gaza Strip.[xxxiii] The Houthis didn’t formally affirm its dedication to the Israel-Hamas truce.
An explosion occurred at a Houthi navy facility in Sanaa, Yemen, on November 30. Local footage reveals a big cloud of smoke within the Jabal Attan space of Sanaa.[xxxiv] An unbiased analyst on X (Twitter) geolocated the footage to a Houthi missile base.[xxxv] Israeli media, citing unspecified Saudi media, reported {that a} missile strike trigger an explosion at a Houthi missile depot situated in a closed navy zone.[xxxvi] A Houthi Political Bureau member claimed that the explosion was brought on by an unexploded piece of ordinance in a mountainous space, with out mentioning the navy facility.[xxxvii] The US Department of Defense press secretary confirmed on November 30 that the US navy didn’t goal a Houthi base in Yemen.[xxxviii] The Houthis have claimed duty for a number of assaults on Israel and Israeli-owned tankers within the Red Sea all through the Israel-Hamas warfare.
Iranian Armed Forces General Staff Chief Major General Mohammad Bagheri mentioned increasing Iranian-Saudi navy ties throughout a telephone name with Saudi Defense Minister Khalid bin Salman al Saud on November 30.[xxxix] They additionally mentioned “essential points within the Islamic world,” presumably together with the Israel-Hamas warfare. Bagheri has mentioned the warfare with international protection officers on quite a few events because the warfare started. Bagheri held separate telephone calls with the Russian and Qatari protection ministers on October 19, for instance.[xl]
Iranian Foreign Affairs Minister Hossein Amir Abdollahian criticized the Emirati authorities for internet hosting Israeli President Isaac Herzog throughout a telephone name along with his Emirati counterpart Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan on November 30.[xli] Abdollahian said that Herzog’s presence on the UN Climate Change Conference in Dubai warrants “severe consideration.” IRGC-affiliated media individually reported that Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi didn’t attend the convention “in protest” towards Herzog’s presence.[xlii] The Iranian regime has persistently pressured Arab and Muslim international locations, particularly ones which have normalized relations with Israel, because the Israel-Hamas warfare started to chop diplomatic and financial ties with Israel.
The Artesh and IRGC navies performed a joint naval train with the Royal Navy of Oman within the Strait of Hormuz and Gulf of Oman on November 30.[xliii] Iranian media reported that the naval forces monitored maritime visitors as a part of the train. Iran and Oman have commonly performed joint workout routines in recent times, resembling in December 2021.[xliv]
Assembly of Experts member Rahim Tavakol revealed that an Assembly of Experts committee is discussing deputy supreme chief candidates throughout an interview with Iranian reformist-affiliated media on November 28.[xlv] The Assembly of Experts is an Iranian regime entity constitutionally accountable for monitoring the supreme chief and deciding on his successor. The committee that Tavakol talked about is similar three-person committee that’s reportedly accountable for getting ready a brief listing of potential candidates to succeed Ali Khamenei.[xlvi] Tavakol confirmed that he’s a member of the committee and didn’t deny when requested about stories that Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi and Friday Prayer Leader Ahmad Khatami are the opposite members. Khatami is a staunch hardliner who entered the Assembly of Experts in 1999.[xlvii] Any particular person holding the place of deputy supreme chief could be an apparent candidate to switch present Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei when he dies.
Some Western observers have famous that the Assembly of Experts is discussing deputy supreme chief candidates amid rumors of Khamenei’s deteriorating well being.[xlviii] An equally if no more believable rationalization is that the officers are having this dialogue within the context of the upcoming Assembly of Experts election in March 2024. Assembly of Experts members are elected each eight years, that means that the following meeting will in all probability choose the following supreme chief provided that Khamenei is 84 years outdated.[xlix]
The Islamic Republic has had just one deputy supreme chief in its historical past to date. The Assembly of Experts appointed Ayatollah Hossein Ali Montazeri in 1985 to the place below then-Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini and designated him as Khomeini’s successor.[l] Khomeini dismissed Montazeri in 1989 for questioning regime insurance policies, such because the regime’s mass execution of political prisoners in 1988.[li] The regime positioned Montazeri below home arrest till 2003, and he died in 2009.[lii]
Artesh Coordination Deputy Rear Admiral Habibollah Sayyari claimed on November 30 that Israel has withdrawn its forces from the Caucasus because the begin of the Israel-Hamas warfare on October 7.[liii] The Iranian regime has traditionally accused Baku of permitting Israel to make use of Azerbaijani territory to launch operations towards Iran, as CTP-ISW has reported on quite a few events.[liv]
[i] https://israel-alma dot org/2023/11/29/the-radwan-unit-is-capable-of-carrying-out-an-invasion-of-the-galilee-at-any-given-moment/
[ii] https://twitter.com/MarkRegev/status/1730135798643560904
[iii] https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-july-18-2023
[iv] https://www.memri.org/reports/irgc-commander-salami-interview-supreme-leader-khameneis-website-palestinians-are-ready
[v] https://defapress dot ir/fa/information/631278
[vi] https://t.me/hamasps/18012 ; https://twitter.com/MofaQatar_EN/status/1730096017763107245 ; https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1730085000538698081
[vii] https://twitter.com/MofaQatar_EN/status/1730100142752125312 ; https://twitter.com/MofaQatar_EN/status/1730096017763107245
[viii] https://www.gov dot il/en/departments/information/spoke-hostages301123 ; https://twitter.com/manniefabian/status/1730332524931436839 ; https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1730335053811441874
[ix] https://t.me/C_Military1/40340 ; https://twitter.com/yanircozin/status/1730094254683300143
[x] https://www.gov dot il/en/departments/information/spoke-kidnapped301123 ; https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/released-russian-israeli-hostages-identified-as-yelena-trupanov-and-her-mother-irena-tati/
[xi] https://t.me/hamasps/18009
[xii] https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-67562488?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=656915e36868a4009ac431f7%26Israel%20says%20it%20has%20freed%20another%2030%20Palestinian%20prisoners%262023-11-30T23%3A12%3A39.381Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:ca80a010-b99d-4ce6-84f9-e51777fff6b5&pinned_post_asset_id=656915e36868a4009ac431f7&pinned_post_type=share
[xiii] https://twitter.com/manniefabian/status/1730306706113012043
[xiv] https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/gallant-tells-blinken-that-israel-will-defeat-hamas-no-matter-how-long-it-takes/
[xv] https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM/status/1730216988742431198
[xvi] https://twitter.com/ofirgendelman/status/1730188975833231752?s=20
[xvii] https://t.me/qassam1brigades/547
[xviii] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-54
[xix] https://www dot almanar.com.lb/11314602
[xx] https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1730297039173374270
[xxi] https://t.me/qassam1brigades/524 ; https://t.me/qassam1brigades/521 ;
[xxii] https://t.me/qassam1brigades/548; https://t.me/AymanGouda/5870; https://t.me/AymanGouda/5869; https://t.me/AymanGouda/5868; https://t.me/A7rartoubas/20183; https://twitter.com/JoeTruzman/status/1730022527009968500; https://t.me/kataebaqsapalestine/2468; https://t.me/almanarnews/138235; https://t.me/almanarnews/138236
[xxiii] https://t.me/AymanGouda/5870; https://t.me/AymanGouda/5869; https://t.me/AymanGouda/5868
[xxiv] https://t.me/A7rartoubas/20183; https://t.me/A7rartoubas/20276
[xxv] https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/30/world/middleeast/jerusalem-shooting.html
[xxvi] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/shooting-attack-jerusalem-wounds-least-6-ambulance-service-2023-11-30/
[xxvii] https://t.me/qassam1brigades/548; https://t.me/hamasps/18014
[xxviii] https://t.me/AymanGouda/5875; https://t.me/pflpgaza1/13528; https://twitter.com/SafaPs/status/1730214659901329607
[xxix] https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1730160435125428462
[xxx] https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-november-28-2023
[xxxi] https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/26/gaza-findings-october-17-al-ahli-hospital-explosion
[xxxii] https://twitter.com/army21ye/status/1730292086161678572
[xxxiii] https://www dot irna dot ir/information/85308078/
[xxxiv] https://twitter.com/no_itsmyturn/status/1730234525018456364
[xxxv] https://twitter.com/VleckieHond/status/1730284643163758607
[xxxvi] https://www.ynetnews dot com/article/bykfkxlba
[xxxvii] https://twitter.com/hezamalasad/status/1730242192789147797
[xxxviii] https://www.defense.gov/News/Live-Events/#/?currentVideo=33368
[xxxix] https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/information/1402/09/09/2997853
[xl] https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/information/1402/07/27/2974442 ; https://defapress dot ir/fa/information/624279 ; https://www.tasnimnews dot com/en/information/2023/10/19/2974480
[xli] https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/information/1402/09/09/2997960
[xlii] https://www.farsnews dot ir/information/14020909000499
[xliii] https://www.farsnews dot ir/photograph/14020909000549
[xliv] https://omannews.gov dot om/subjects/en/79/present/106669
[xlv] https://www.jamaran dot information/%D8percentA8percentD8percentAEpercentD8percentB4-%D8percentB3percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD8percentAA-12/1614392-%D8percentA2percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentAA-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent84percentD9percent87-%D8percentAApercentD9percent88percentDApercentA9percentD9percent84-%D8percentB9percentD8percentB6percentD9percent88-%D9percent85percentD8percentACpercentD9percent84percentD8percentB3-%D8percentAEpercentD8percentA8percentD8percentB1percentDApercentAFpercentD8percentA7percentD9percent86-%D8percentAFpercentD8percentB1-%DApercentA9percentD9percent85percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentB3percentDBpercent8CpercentD9percent88percentD9percent86-%D9percent87percentD8percentA7percentDBpercent8C-%D8percentAEpercentD8percentA8percentD8percentB1percentDApercentAFpercentD8percentA7percentD9percent86-%D8percentAFpercentD8percentB1-%D9percent85percentD9percent88percentD8percentB1percentD8percentAF-%D9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD8percentA6percentD9percent85-%D9percent85percentD9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD9percent85-%D8percentB1percentD9percent87percentD8percentA8percentD8percentB1percentDBpercent8C-%D8percentAFpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1percentD9percent86percentD8percentAF-%DApercentA9percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1-%D9percent85percentDBpercent8C-%DApercentA9percentD9percent86percentD9percent86percentD8percentAF-%D8percentA7percentD8percentB2-%DApercentAFpercentD8percentB2percentDBpercent8CpercentD9percent86percentD9percent87-%D9percent87percentD8percentA7-%D9percent87percentDBpercent8CpercentDApercent86-%DApercentA9percentD8percentB3percentDBpercent8C-%D8percentA8percentD8percentA7-%D8percentAEpercentD8percentA8percentD8percentB1-%D9percent86percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentB3percentD8percentAA-%D8percentA8percentD8percentB9percentD8percentB6percentDBpercent8C-%D9percent87percentD8percentA7-%D8percentB1percentD8percentA7-%D9percent85percentDBpercent8C-%D8percentB4percentD9percent86percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD9percent85-%DApercentA9percentD9percent87-%D8percentA8percentD8percentA7-%D9percent82percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentB1percentD8percentAA-%D9percent85percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentDBpercent8C-%D8percentA8percentD9percent87-%D9percent85percentD8percentACpercentD9percent84percentD8percentB3-%D8percentA2percentD9percent85percentD8percentAFpercentD9percent86percentD8percentAF-%D9percent86percentD9percent87-%D9percent84percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentA7percentD9percent82percentD8percentAA-%DApercentA9percentD8percentB3percentDBpercent8C-%DApercentA9percentD9percent87-%D8percentA7percentD8percentB2-%D8percentA7percentD8percentBApercentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1-%D8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD8percentAA-%D8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentAF-%DApercentA9percentD9percent86percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1-%D8percentA8percentD8percentB1percentD9percent88percentD8percentAF
[xlvi] https://www.iranintl.com/en/202209107400
[xlvii] https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/a-quick-look-at-supreme-leader-succession ;
[xlviii] https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311301950
[xlix] https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/2024-election-cycle-starts-iran
[l] https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2009/12/grand-ayatollah-hossein-ali-montazeri-1922-2009.html
[li] https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/21/world/middleeast/21cleric.html
[lii] https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hossein-Ali-Montazeri
[liii] https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/information/1402/09/09/2997930
[liv] https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-july-19-2023#_edn70fd8bc409b1ba57760dbaad361d4e5392c922d310d9830986cf03802aaf2b4420 ;
https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-april-14-2023